政策驱动下的中国北方农村地区清洁取暖方式

北方农村地区冬季清洁取暖是我国能源消费革命、农村生活方式革命的重要内容,也是重大民生工程和暖心工程,如何兼顾其经济性、适用性和环保要求备受关注。为此,以农村清洁取暖重点地区——京津冀及周边"2+26"城市为研究对象,在现场调研、入户实测的基础上,从技术、经济和环保3个维度,对该区4种主要的清洁取暖方式(燃气壁挂炉、蓄热式电暖器、空气源热泵和清洁煤炭取暖)进行对比分析,并提出了针对性的建议。研究结果表明:①燃气壁挂炉替代燃煤取暖是较为经济的选择,但应严把产品能效和排放准入关,建议城镇和经济较发达的农村地区燃气采暖普及推广节能环保的冷凝式壁挂炉;②农村既有建筑普遍缺乏保温措施、采暖能耗高,应重视保温隔热措施,建议推进清洁采暖过程中同步实施房屋节能改造并给予适当补贴,结合农村新型城镇化建设推进集中供暖;③洁净煤取暖在部分农村地区较长时间内仍将存在,但须严格煤质监管,建议采取"洁净型煤+专用炉具+一氧化碳监测"整套措施;④坚持因地制宜方略,各地应立足资源禀赋,选择合适的取暖路径和取暖设备,可再生能源丰富、电网配套条件好的地区,宜重点推广蓄热式电暖器或空气源热泵取暖;⑤关注农村"后煤改气、煤改电...

Policy-driven clean heating modes in the rural areas of the northern China

Clean heating in the rural areas of the northern China in winters is an important part of the energy consumption revolution and rural lifestyle revolution, and it is also a major livelihood project and a heart-warming project. Therefore, it is widely concerned to give considerations to its economy, applicability and environmental requirements. In this paper, "2+26" cities in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei area and its periphery, which is an important area with clean heating in the countryside, were taken as the research object. Based on field survey and household measurement, four main clean heating methods (wall-mounted gas boiler, regenerative electric heater, air source heat pump and clean coal heating) in this area were analyzed and compared in terms of technology, economy and environment. In addition, some specific suggestions were proposed. And the following research results were obtained. First, wall-mounted gas boiler is a more cost-effective alternative to coal-fired heating, but the access to product's energy efficiency and emission shall be controlled strictly. It is recommended to popularize energy-saving and environmentally-friendly condensing wall-mounted boilers in cities and in economically developed rural areas. Second, there are no thermal insulation measures in existing buildings in rural areas and heating energy consumption is high, so more attention shall be paid to thermal insulation measures. And it is suggested to carry out energy-saving transformation on houses and provide appropriate subsidies while promoting clean heating, and to propel the centralized heating during the construction of new urbanization in rural areas. Third, clean-coal heating will still exist in some rural areas for a long time. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the supervision of coal quality, and it is recommended to adopt a set of "clean coal + special stove + carbon monoxide monitoring" measures. Fourth, it is necessary to adopt measures according to local conditions. That is to choose the appropriate heating path and heating equipment on the basis of local resource characteristics. In the areas with abundant renewable energy and good grid supporting conditions, it is advisable to focus on the popularization of regenerative electric heaters or air source heat pumps for heating. Fifth, to ensure the stable operation of rural areas in the era of "post coal to gas and coal to electricity", it is recommended that the state shall conduct a comprehensive study on the formulation of subsidy exit mode and precise subsidies for poor households after the exit and strengthen the implementation of environmental protection policies and green development concepts, so as to truly reach the goal of "affordable transformation, affordable utilization, and content utilization".