四川盆地深层碳酸盐岩钻完井技术实践与展望

四川盆地的油气资源勘探开发正在向着更深的层位进军,深层碳酸盐岩气藏深井超深井的多压力系统、可钻性差、超高压超高温、高含硫等诸多难题给钻完井工程带来了巨大的挑战。为了保障该盆地深层碳酸盐岩油气资源勘探开发的顺利进行,立足现场实践与技术攻关相结合的总体思路,“十三五”期间安全快速地完成了诸如双鱼石构造双鱼X133井等一批井深8 000 m左右的超深井,深井超深井钻完井配套技术试验攻关取得了重要进展。获得的成果包括:(1)非标准井身结构优化,配合精细控压、承压堵漏等技术的应用,奠定了优快钻进、安全钻达地质目标的基础;(2)全面优选推广使用高效、个性化PDC钻头,有效地提高了难钻地层平均机械钻速;(3)研发应用的抗200℃高温、抗复合盐水等钻井液及主动承压堵漏技术,有效地减少了高温、高压盐水、井漏等复杂地层钻进的井下复杂情况;(4)精细控压钻井及精细控压固井技术应用于窄密度窗口、多压力系统、压力敏感性地层,平均钻完井液漏失量下降90%以上,复杂处理时间缩短85%以上,固井质量合格率提高20%以上;(5)集成应用的气体钻井等提速技术和工具,使得钻井周期和成本均大幅度缩减。结论认为,该试验攻关成果已基本支撑了四川盆地安岳气田天然气资源的快速转化、川西北二叠系和泥盆系天然气资源的重大发现;同时,为适应“十四五”期间四川盆地9 000 m以深的深层天然气开发,钻完井技术仍需要在抗高温井下工具、工作液等9个方面加快攻关进程。

Drilling and completion technologies for deep carbonate rocks in the Sichuan Basin: Practices and prospects

The exploration and development of oil and gas resources in the Sichuan Basin is shifting to the deeper strata. The deep and ultra-deep wells in deep carbonate gas reservoirs are faced with many difficulties, such as multiple pressure systems, poor drillability, ultra-high pressure, ultra-high temperature and high sulfur content, which bring great challenges to drilling and completion engineering. In order to ensure the smooth exploration and development of deep carbonate oil and gas resources in the Sichuan Basin, the overall concept of combining field practice and technological research is followed. During the 13th Five-Year Plan, a batch of ultra-deep wells (well depth about 8 000 m) have been drilled fast and safely (such as Well SYX133 in the Shuangyushi structure), and great progresses have been achieved in the experimental research of the support technologies in drilling and completion of deep and ultra-deep wells. And the achievements are as follows. First, the optimization of non-standard well structure, combined with the application of precisely managed pressure drilling technology and under-pressure plugging technology, lays a foundation for the optimized fast drilling and the safe reaching of geological targets. Second, a high-efficiency customized PDC drill bit is comprehensively optimized, popularized and applied, which effectively improves the average rate of penetration (ROP) in difficult-to-drill formations. Third, the development and application of drilling fluids (e.g. being resistant to high temperature of 200 ℃ and anti-composite brine) and active under-pressure plugging technology effectively reduces downhole complexities while drilling the complex formations, such as high temperature and high pressure brine and circulation loss. Fourth, when precisely managed pressure drilling and precisely managed pressure cementing methods are applied in the strata with a narrow density window, multiple pressure systems and pressure sensitivity, the average drilling and completion fluid loss is reduced by more than 90%, and the complexity treatment time is cut down by more than 85%, and the cementing quality pass rate is increased by more than 20%. Fifth, the integrated application of ROP improvement technologies and tools (e.g. gas drilling) results in a great reduction of drilling cycle and cost. It is concluded that the experimental research achievements provide basic support for the fast development of natural gas resources in the Anyue Gas Field, Sichuan Basin, and the great discovery of the Permian and Devonian natural gas resources in the northwestern Sichuan Basin. What's more, in order to adapt to the development of the deep natural gas (over 9 000 m) in the Sichuan Basin during the 14th Five-Year Plan, it is necessary to speed up researches on drilling and completion technologies in nine aspects, e.g. high-temperature downhole tools and working fluid.