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Relevance and challenges in monitoring marine biotoxins in non-bivalve vectors
Affiliation:1. IPMA - Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal;2. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal;3. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Meio-Norte, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, BR 343 km 35 CP 341, CEP 64200-970, Parnaíba, Brazil;4. CIIMAR – Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal;5. CCMAR – Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;1. South Australian Research and Development Institute, GPO Box 397, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia;2. Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia;3. The Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand;4. AquaBio Consultants Ltd., P.O. Box 560 Shortland St. P.O., Auckland 1140, New Zealand;5. Marine Solutions Tasmania Pty. Ltd., 110 Swanston Street, New Town, Tasmania 7008, Australia;6. Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster (C3), The University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia;7. Department of Health and Human Services, GPO Box 125, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia;1. Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;2. Research Center for Harmful Algae & Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China;3. National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China;4. College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510630, China;1. Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Lugo, USC, Lugo 27002, Spain;2. Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Lugo, USC, Lugo 27002, Spain;1. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário, Seção Laboratorial Avançada de São José (SLAV/SC/LANAGRO/RS), Rua João Grumiché, 117, São José, SC 88102-600, Brazil;2. Instituto Catarinense de Sanidade Agropecuária (ICASA), Florianópolis, SC 88034-100, Brazil;3. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC 88034-100, Brazil;1. Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;2. Ghent University, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Jozef Plateaustraat 22, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
Abstract:Seafood poisoning outbreaks can be caused by marine biotoxins which are naturally produced by harmful algal blooms. To minimize the risk of acute intoxications due to consumption of contaminated seafood a proper monitoring program must be in place. In recent decades several directives have been laid down by the European Commission to regulate known toxins, reassess their regulatory limits and update their reference detection methods. However, a revision of the seafood organisms that can act as toxin vectors has not been carried out. The control system has been designed based on physiological specificities of live bivalve mollusks. Although the prescribed controls in EC regulation 854/2004 apply to echinoderms, tunicates and marine gastropods, several difficulties are posed to a cost-effective monitoring program for these quite diverse and non-analogous groups of seafood organisms. Echinoderms, tunicates and marine gastropods are frequently secondary target species for toxins surveillance. In this study, the potential of non-bivalve organisms as toxin vectors and their threat for public health is evaluated based on their feeding behavior (i.e. filter-feeders, herbivores, predators), growth and metabolic rates, motile capacity and dynamics of toxin accumulation/elimination. A summary of previous reports on toxin accumulation and human incidents is presented to highlight the seafood species of higher risk to consumers, including crustaceans that are not listed in the EU directives for toxins monitoring and should be strongly considered as potent vectors of biotoxins to humans. Finally, the challenges in terms of sampling efforts and analytical determination for the regular surveillance of biotoxins in non-bivalve vectors are discussed.
Keywords:Harmful algal blooms  Okadaic acid  Saxitoxins  Monitoring  Gastropods  Crustaceans
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