Optimal operation of an all-in-one EV station with photovoltaic system including charging,battery swapping and hydrogen refueling

The issue of electrification of transportation is discussed due to the possibility of depletion of conventional resources in the near future and environmental problems caused by carbon emissions. For this purpose, different options have been proposed for the electrification of electric vehicles (EVs). Each potential EV user can choose a different EV type according to his desire, so different EV types can be seen in the environment. However, one of the most important reasons why the prevalence of EVs has not increased is the scarcity of EV charging, swapping, or refueling stations. In this respect, there is a need for an all-in-one EV station (AiOEVS) that can serve all types of EVs around and that all users know to be able to meet their energy needs easily and in line with their wishes. In this study, the economically optimum energy management model via mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) approach of an AiOEVS including a photovoltaic (PV) system as well electrolyzer and consisting of three different parts (charging for plug-in EVs, swapping for swappable EVs, and refueling for hydrogen fuel-cell EVs (HFCEVs)) is proposed. Besides, energy is purchased from the grid with time-of-use electricity prices. The proposed optimum operating framework is beneficial for each party. Furthermore, the hydrogen tank, swappable batteries, and long-parking plug-in EVs provide operational flexibility. The AiOEVS owner obtains a net profit of 33.12% at the end of the day. Furthermore, when the capacity of the PV is doubled or tripled, the gain increases by 11.69% or 23.41%, respectively.