Cathode materials modified by surface coating for lithium ion batteries

Recent research results confirm the importance of structural surface features of cathode materials for their electrochemical performance. Modification by coating is an important method to achieve improved electrochemical performance, and the latest progress was reviewed here. When the surface of cathode materials including LiCoO₂, LiNiO₂, LiMn₂O₄ and LiMnO₂ is coated with oxides such as MgO, Al₂O₃, SiO₂, TiO₂, ZnO, SnO₂, ZrO₂, Li₂O·2B₂O₃-glass and other materials, the coatings prevent the direct contact with the electrolyte solution, suppress phase transition, improve the structural stability, and decrease the disorder of cations in crystal sites. As a result, side reactions and heat generation during cycling are decreased. Accompanying actions such as suppression of Mn²⁺ dissolution, increase in conductivity and removal of HF in electrolyte solutions have been observed. Consequently, marked improvement of electrochemical performance of electrode materials including reversible capacity, coulomb efficiency in the first cycle, cycling behavior, rate capability and overcharge tolerance has been achieved. In conclusion, further directions are suggested for the surface modification of electrode materials. With further understanding of the effects of the surface structure of cathode materials on lithium intercalation and de-intercalation, better and/or cheaper cathode materials from surface modification will come up in the near future.