The influence of rolling resistance on the stress-dilatancy and fabric anisotropy of granular materials

The effects of rolling resistance on the stress-dilatancy behavior and fabric anisotropy of granular materials were investigated through a three-dimensional discrete element method (DEM). A rolling resistance model was incorporated into the DEM code PFC3D and triaxial DEM simulations under simulated drained and undrained conditions were carried out. The results show that there existed a threshold value of the rolling friction. When the rolling friction was smaller than this value, the mechanical behavior of granular materials under both drained and undrained conditions were substantially influenced by the rolling friction, but the influence diminished when it was larger than the threshold value. A linear relationship has been observed between the dilatancy coefficient and the natural logarithm of the rolling-friction coefficient when it was smaller than the threshold value. An increase in the rolling friction led to an increase in the fabric anisotropy of all strong contacts under both testing conditions until the threshold value was attained. The investigation on the effect of rolling friction on the microstructure of granular materials revealed that the rolling friction enhanced the stability of force chains, which resulted in the difference in the stress-dilatancy behavior. Finally, the relationship between the stress ratio q/p\(^{\prime }\) and the fabric measure at strong contacts \(\hbox {H}_{\mathrm{d}}^{\mathrm{s}} /\hbox {H}_{\mathrm{m}}^{\mathrm{s}}\) was found independent of the inter-particle friction, rolling friction and testing conditions.