现代电渣重熔先进技术特征与演进

 电渣重熔是制备高端特殊钢和合金的关键冶炼工艺,在铸锭质量和成材率方面优势明显。随着中国装备制造业的快速发展,对所用钢及合金的质量和性能要求不断提高,而传统电渣重熔技术面临电耗高、产品质量稳定性差等问题。现代电渣冶金技术的发展核心在于浅平熔池形状的稳定控制和杂质元素的高效去除,目标是更高洁净度、更高凝固质量和更高生产效率。为了让国内冶金工作者了解目前电渣重熔技术的最新发展动态,助力中国电渣冶金技术的开发和应用,综述了近年来国内外相继涌现的先进技术与理论,分析了国内外在相关技术的应用特征和演进方向。中国在电渣炉设备制造、气体保护电渣重熔技术、同轴供电技术和结晶器导电技术方面基本与国际先进水平同步,但尚未形成完善可靠的渣系配置理论、精炼过程的热力学及动力学理论,较国外仍有差距,这已成为限制电渣产品质量提升的主要因素之一。低频电源技术、真空电渣重熔技术和旋转电极电渣重熔技术具有极高的工业化应用前景,需要进一步明确其对工艺过程和产品质量的影响规律。摆动控制已成为国际先进电渣企业的主流控制技术,却是中国电渣炉设备制造的短板,借助在线检测和模拟仿真技术的恒熔池形状控制技术是中国电渣冶金控制技术的发展方向。

Characteristics and evolution of advanced modern electroslag remelting technologies

Electroslag remelting (ESR) is a key technology for the preparation of high-quality steel and alloys. It has obvious advantages in ingot quality and material formation rate. With the rapid development of China′s equipment manufacturing industry, the requirements for the quality and performance of the steels and alloys used are constantly improving. However, the traditional electroslag remelting technology has faced problems such as high electricity consumption and poor stability of product quality. The core of the development of modern electroslag metallurgy technology lies in the stable control of the shallow flat metal pool and the efficient removal of impurity elements. The goal is reaching a higher cleanliness, a higher solidification quality and a higher production efficiency. In order to let national metallurgists understand the latest development of current electroslag remelting technology, so as to facilitate its development and application in China. The advanced technologies and theories that have emerged in recent years at home and abroad are reviewed. The application characteristics and evolution direction of related technologies at home and abroad are analyzed. China is basically synchronized with the international advanced level in the electroslag furnace equipment manufacturing, gas-protected electroslag remelting technology, coaxial power supply technology and crystallizer conductive technology. Compared with foreign countries, perfect and reliable slag system configuration theory and thermodynamic and kinetic theory of the refining process have not been formed in China, which seriously limits the improvement of quality of electroslag products. Low frequency power technology, vacuum electroslag remelting technology and electroslag remelting technology with a rotating electrode have high prospects for industrial application, impact of which on the process and product quality needs to be further clarified. Swing control has become the major control technology of international advanced electroslag enterprises, but the shortcomings of China′s electroslag furnace manufacturing. The constant pool shape control technology with the help of online detection and simulation technology will be the development direction of control technology of electroslag metallurgy in China.