Reactivation and growth of non-culturable indicator bacteria in anaerobically digested biosolids after centrifuge dewatering |
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Authors: | Higgins Matthew J Chen Yen-Chih Murthy Sudhir N Hendrickson Donald Farrel Joseph Schafer Perry |
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Affiliation: | Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bucknell University, PA 17837, USA. mhiggins@bucknell.edu |
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Abstract: | Recent literature has reported that high concentrations of indicator bacteria such as fecal coliforms (FCs) were measured in anaerobically digested sludges immediately after dewatering even though low concentrations were measured prior to dewatering. This research hypothesized that the indicator bacteria can enter a non-culturable state during digestion, and are reactivated during centrifuge dewatering. Reactivation is defined as restoration of culturability. To examine this hypothesis, a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method was developed to enumerate Escherichia coli, a member of the FC group, during different phases of digestion and dewatering. For thermophilic digestion, the density of E. coli measured by qPCR could be five orders of magnitude greater than the density measured by standard culturing methods (SCMs), which is indicative of non-culturable bacteria. For mesophilic digestion, qPCR enumerated up to about one order of magnitude more E. coli than the SCMs. After centrifuge dewatering, the non-culturable organisms could be reactivated such that they are enumerated by SCMs, and the conditions in the cake allowed rapid growth of FCs and E. coli during cake storage. |
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Keywords: | Digestion Fecal coliform E. coli Reactivation Resuscitation Growth Viable but non-culturable Sub-lethal injury |
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