Ion beam analysis of ancient Egyptian wall paintings |
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| Authors: | Shaaban Abd El Aal A Korman A Stonert F Munnik A Turos |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Basic Sciences and Fundamentals, University of Urbino, P.za Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy;2. Department of Letters and Philosophy and Visual Art Centre (CAV), University of Bergamo, via Pignolo 123, 24129 Bergamo, Italy;3. Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy;4. Department of Chemistry, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy;1. UMYMFOR-CONICET and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, (C1428EGA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina;2. CONICET, Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425FQB), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina;3. Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, Butantã, 05508-000, São Paulo (SP), Brazil;4. Ministerio de Culturas y Turismo, Taller de Conservación y Restauración del Patrimonio Mueble, La Paz, Bolivia;5. Centro de Investigación en Arte, Materia y Cultura (IIAC, Universidad Nacional de Tres de Febrero), Avda. Antártida Argentina 1355 (C1104ACA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina |
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| Abstract: | Polychromatic decorations of ancient Egyptians tombs and temples have a long tradition over three millennia but are hard to identify because many pigments have been subjected to severe chemical reactions, which have entirely changed their original colours. Optical microscopy, PIXE and microbeam-PIXE have been used for determination of the nature of pigments, their chronology, and identification of domestic and imported materials. Paint flakes from various archeological sites in Egypt were analyzed: we report the results of the analysis of samples which were collected at the Mortuary Temple of Ramesses III (Habu Town), and the tombs of Tuthmosis III (Valley of the Kings) and Sennefer (Valley of the Noblemen). The paint is composed of grains of sizes typically ranging from 50 μm to 300 μm embedded in binding material and has great non-uniformity of pigment depth and lateral distributions and discontinuity of the paint layers. Qualitative analysis using broad beam PIXE has been performed to allow determination of the average composition of both support and pigments. Microbeam-PIXE has been used for mapping of selected grains. Goethite FeO(OH) (yellow), orpiment As2S3 (green), and the two blues: Egyptian Blue CaCuSi4O10 and Green Frit CaCuSiO3 (mixed with the red haematite Fe2O3) were identified, and interesting details of the painting technique of ancient masters, like blending of pigments and the use of multilayer structures, were revealed. |
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