Tuning the viscosity of halogen free bulk heterojunction inks for inkjet printed organic solar cells |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Holst Centre, High Tech Campus 31, 5656AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands;2. Solliance – Holst Centre, High Tech Campus 31, 5656AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands;3. Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University, The Netherlands;1. Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China;2. School of Power and Automation Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 2000902, China;3. Department of Physics, Centre for Advanced Luminescence Materials, Research Centre of Excellence for Organic Electronics, Hong Kong Baptist University, 224 Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong;1. Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China;2. Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energy, Chongqing 400715, PR China;3. Key Laboratory of Solid-state Physics and Devices, School of Physical Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China;4. School of Physics and Mechanical &Electrical Engineering, Zunyi Normal College, Zunyi 563002, PR China;5. College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, PR China;1. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America;2. Department of Physics, Federal University of Paraná, CP 19044, CEP 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil;3. Polyera Corporation, Skokie, IL 60077, United States of America;1. The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China;2. School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy and MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China;3. Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren''ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China;4. Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou, 450002, China;1. Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China;2. State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China;3. CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;1. Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India;2. Department of chemical engineering, Monash University, Australia;3. IITB-Monash research academy, Mumbai, 400076, India |
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| Abstract: | For the solution processing of organic photovoltaics on an industrial scale, the exclusion of halogenated solvents is a necessity. However, the limited solubility of most semiconducting polymer/fullerene blends in non-halogenated solvents results in ink formulations with low viscosities which poses limitations to the use of roll-to-roll compatible deposition processes, such as inkjet printing. We propose to add polystyrene as a rheological modifier to increase the viscosity of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) non-halogenated inks. The printing and performance of P3HT/PCBM photoactive layer inks are characterized as a function of polystyrene concentration and three different molecular weights. Addition of 1 wt% polystyrene provided a near two-fold gain in viscosity, with the largest viscosity gains coming from the polymer with the highest molecular weight. However, this coincided with greater viscoelastic behavior, which reduced the jetting performance of the inks. Differences in solvent compatibility of the polystyrene/P3HT/PCBM ternary blend resulted in phase separation upon layer drying, whereby polystyrene segregated to the layer-air interface to form an isolated domain or network like topology. Nevertheless, a 1.7-fold increase in dynamic viscosity was obtained for devices with printed BHJ layers containing polystyrene at the expense of a 20% reduction in OPV performance. The improved viscosity and good printing behavior achieved with small additions of polystyrene demonstrates its potential to overcome the limited viscosity resulting from typical non-halogenated ink formulations for semiconducting polymers. These results offer a step forward to the industrialization of inkjet printing as an effective deposition technique for functional layers of organic electronics. |
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| Keywords: | Inkjet printing Organic photovoltaics Ink formulation Rheology Bulk heterojunction Printed electronics |
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