控释肥对烤烟光合特性和产质量与氮钾利用率的影响

为了寻求研制优质、高效、环保的烟草控释肥料所需的参考依据,采用田间试验研究了控释肥和烟草专用复合肥对烤烟光合特性、产量与质量及氮钾利用率的影响。结果表明:(1)当施氮量由90 kg/hm²提高到150 kg/hm²时,烤烟产量和产值均显著增加,上等烟比例和均价略有下降,各叶位烤后烟叶全钾含量提高或显著提高,烟碱含量显著提高,总糖与还原糖含量显著下降;(2)与烟草专用复合肥相比,控释肥可提高烤烟旺长期以后的叶片叶绿素含量,提高旺长期烟叶净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度,但对蒸腾速率无明显影响;(3)与烟草专用复合肥比较,控释肥能使烤烟产量提高3%~7%,产值提高9%~16%,各叶位烤后烟叶全钾含量提高或显著提高,烟碱含量变化不明显,总糖与还原糖含量降低。(4)控释肥有利于提高烤烟氮肥、钾肥利用率,在施氮90 kg/hm²和150 kg/hm²条件下氮肥利用率分别提高21.1和8.7个百分点,施钾180 kg/hm²和300 kg/hm²条件下钾肥利用率分别提高9.4和8.6个百分点。可见,控释肥可改善烤烟中后期光合特性,增加产量与产值,改善烤后烟叶品质,提高氮钾利用率。

Effects of Controlled Release Fertilizer on Photosynthetic Characteristics,Yield and Quality and Use Efficiency of N and K of Tobacco

In order to provide the reference for research and development of high-quality, high-efficiency and environmentally harmless controlled release fertilizers for tobacco, the effects of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) and tobacco-specific compound fertilizer (TCF) on photosynthetic characteristics, yield, quality of flue-cured tobacco, and N and K use efficiency were investigated.The results showed that (1) when the nitrogen application rate increased from 90 to 150 kg/ha, yield and output value of flue-cured tobacco significantly increased, the ratio of first-grade tobacco leaves and average price slightly decreased.Total K content of all cured leaves increased or significantly increased.Nicotine content significantly increased, but contents of total sugar and reducing sugar significantly decreased.(2) Compared to TCF, CRF increased the chlorophyll content in tobacco leaves after vigorous growth stage of flue-cured tobacco and improved the photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO₂ concentration at vigorous growth stage.(3) Compared to TCF, CRF increased yield by 3%-8% and output value by 9%-16%, significantly increased contents of total K and nicotine, but significantly reduced contents of total sugar and reducing sugar.(4) CRF improved the use efficiency of N and K fertilizers.Under the N rate of 90 and 150 kg/ha, the N use efficiency increased by 21.1 and 8.7 percentage points, respectively.Under the K rate of 180 and 300 kg/ha, the K fertilizer use efficiency increased by 9.4 and 8.6 percentage points, respectively.In conclusion, CRF can improve photosynthetic characteristics at middle and late stages of flue-cured tobacco, increase yield and output value, improve quality of cured tobacco leaves and increase N and K use efficiency.