城市社区发展中的公众参与与社会和谐 --对上海和洛杉矶的比较研究

现阶段我国的社区发展总体上属于外推型模式而非内源型模式,社区公众的参与积极性不高、参与质量较低已成为制约社区进一步发展的瓶颈。研究城市社区发展中的公众参与,对推动中国社区从“政府主导型”模式向“公众参与型”模式发展,对逐步实现社区居民自我管理、自我教育、自我服务、自我监督有积极意义。上海城市管理的组织模式为“二级政府、三级管理、四级网络”,其社区公众参与的途径主要体现在居民委员会与业主委员会上,参与的内容主要体现在社区党建、社区自治、社区服务和社区志愿者行动等。洛杉矶（Cityof Los Angeles）的社区组织架构呈金字塔型。公众参与的途径通过社区理事会（neighborhood council）凸现,参与内容主要包括社区服务、社区自治和政治选举。通过比较,上海和洛杉矶在公众参与的角色、公众参与的程度、公众参与的广度、公众与政府的关系、公众参与的法律保障实现程度以及具有我国特色的社区党建6个方面存在着不同。

Public Participation and Social Harmony in Municipal Community Development-- A Comparison between Shanghai and Los Angeles

Presently our country's community development generally belongs to the externally-promoted pattern rather than internally-generated pattern. The lowness of community public participation enthusiasm and the participation quality has become the bottleneck which restrains community from further development. Studies on public participation in municipal community development are of great importance to impel the community's transformation from "government-leading" pattern to" public-participation"pattern so as to realize community residents'self-control,self-education,self-service and self- supervision. The management organization of Shanghai is "two levels of governments,three levels of management,four levels of networks",in which the public participate in the community development through Residents' Committee and Owners' Committee with party-building,self-management,community service and volunteer's activities as its major content. In Los Angeles, community organization is constructed in the shape of a pyramid. The public participate in community development through its Neighborhood Council with community service,self-management and political election as its major content. Through comparison we found that Shanghai and Los Angeles differ in six aspects as follows: the role of public participation as well as its degree and scope,the relationship between government and public,the realization degree of legal guarantee of public participation.