世界自然保护地社区共管典型模式研究

社区共管是中国国家公园(national park)体制社区协调的关键性制度。通过文献研究、案例研究和对比研究,梳理了世界自然保护地社区共管的起源和发展脉络。在世界自然保护联盟(International Union for Conservation Nature,简称IUCN)自然保护地治理类型的基础上,提出了指令式、咨询式、协议式、合作式、联合式、授权式6种自然保护地社区共管模式,并在越南(亚洲)、巴西(南美洲)、乌干达(非洲)、英国(欧洲)、澳大利亚(大洋洲)、加拿大(北美洲)各自选择了一个自然保护地社区共管的典型案例进行分析。研究发现社区共管主要产生于土地和自然资源的使用冲突,而不同社区共管模式的选择受土地权属、社区类型、管理体制等综合因素影响。进一步分析了研究案例的6点成功经验和3点共性问题,并从模式选择、政策制定和实践开展3个角度为中国国家公园社区共管机制建设提供了经验启示。

Research on Typical Models of Community-Based Co-management in Worldwide Protected Areas

Community-based co-management(CBCM)is one of the key mechanisms for national park authority to negotiate with communities.This research conducted literature review,case studies and contrastive analysis to sort out the origin and development path of CBCM.Based on the governance type of protected areas introduced by IUCN,the research put forward six models of CBCM,that are instruction,consultation,agreement,cooperation,joint management and empowerment.From six different countries belonging to diverse continents,which are Vietnam(Asia),Brazil(South America),Uganda(Africa),UK(Europe)and Canada(North America),the research respectively selected one typical CBCM case of protected areas for analysis.Research found that the initiative of CBCM was largely driven by conflicts over land use or natural resources,but the formulation of diverse models is influenced by comprehensive factors,such as land tenure,community conditions and administrative regime.This research further summarized six successful experiences and three common issues from case studies,and then provided inspirations and experiences for China’s national park system from the perspectives of model selection,policy formulation and practical implementation.