Affiliation: | † Impact Research Centre, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Liverpool, Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK ‡ Kobe Steel (Europe) Ltd, Surrey Research Park, Guildford, Surrey GU2 5AF, UK § Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK |