Phosphine resistance in saw-toothed grain beetle,Oryzaephilus surinamensis in the United States |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, 127 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, 74078, OK, USA;2. Cardinal Professional Products, 57 Matmor Road, Woodland, 95776, CA, USA;1. Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Diskapi, Ankara, 06110, Turkey;2. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ankara Directorate of Agricultural Quarantine, Diskapi, Ankara, 06110, Turkey;1. Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855, Athens, Attica, Greece;2. Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy;3. The BioRobotics Institute, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy;4. Department of Excellence in Robotics and A.I., Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy;1. The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), Food Institute, 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey;2. Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., 38446, N. Ionia, Magnesia, Greece;3. Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, 06110, Ankara, Turkey;1. Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou str., Nea Ionia, Magnesia, 38446, Greece;2. BASF Crop Protection, BASF Plant Science, Speyerer Straße 2, D-67117, Limburgerhof, Germany;3. BASF Hellas, Paradissou 2 and Kifissias, 151 25, Maroussi, Athens, Greece;4. BASF Corporation, 26 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, 27709-3528, NC, USA |
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| Abstract: | Phosphine (PH3) fumigation resulting in sub-lethal exposure has led to the development of phosphine resistance in many stored-product insect species worldwide and is a major challenge to the continued effective use of phosphine. In 2016 phosphine resistance was found in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) collected from California dried fruit and nut processing facilities. Although Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) infests grain, dried fruit, and nuts in storage and processing facilities, phosphine resistance in this species has not been studied in the United States. In this study, the discriminating dose of phosphine for O. surinamensis eggs was estimated using a laboratory susceptible strain; it was found to be 28.4 ppm over a 72-h fumigation period (1 mg/L of phosphine = 714.18 ppm or 1 ppm = 0.0014 mg/L). Discriminating dose bioassays were used to determine phosphine resistance in both eggs and adults of 14 different populations collected from California and Oklahoma. Resistance to phosphine was detected in four out of 14 populations in adults and nine out of 14 populations in eggs and ranged from 2 to 100%. Phosphine percent survival values in both adults and eggs of three populations, namely, Box BR, Box BF, and OKWat were >90%. Lethal concentration values required to kill 99% of individuals in samples for adults of these three populations were predicted as 320.5, 290.7, and 263 ppm, respectively, and those for eggs were 1030.7, 1055.9, and 564.5 ppm, respectively, over a 72-h fumigation period. This study confirms that phosphine resistance is present in O. surinamensis in the United States. |
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| Keywords: | Stored-product pests Phosphine resistance Fumigation Phosphine dose recommendation |
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