Estimates of dry eye disease in Saudi Arabia based on a short questionnaire of prevalence,symptoms, and risk factors: The Twaiq Mountain Eye Study I |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Ophthalmology, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;2. College of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt;3. Department of Vision Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom;4. Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia;1. Höhere Fachschule für Augenoptik Köln, Cologne School of Optometry, Cologne, Germany;2. School of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom;1. College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates;2. Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 26666, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates;3. Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, University, City, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates;4. Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology, Banuu 28100, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, C;5. Istinye Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey.;1. ELZA Institute, Dietikon, Switzerland;2. Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil;3. Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland;4. School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium;5. School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China;6. USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA;7. University of Zurich, CABMM, Laboratory for Ocular Cell Biology Group, Zurich, Switzerland;1. Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA;2. Ophthalmology Department, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, F-75014, Paris University, Paris, France;3. David Geffen School of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, University of California, Los Angeles, USA;4. Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA |
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| Abstract: | PurposeTo estimate the prevalence and associated risk factors of dry eye disease (DED) among the citizens of Saudi Arabia.MethodsA cross-sectional prevalence survey was administered to 4066 healthy adults from the five main regions of Saudi Arabia. Initial estimates of the prevalence and associated risk factors of DED were calculated for the general population and then stratified by demographic characteristics such as age, sex, and location. DED was assessed by a short, validated dry-eye questionnaire.ResultsThe overall prevalence of DED was 49.5 % (n = 2016), including 33.1 % (n = 1347) of participants who reported a previous DED diagnosis and 16.4 % (n = 669) who reported severe symptoms; 14.7 % reported severe symptoms and a previous DED diagnosis (n = 598). The DED prevalence among men was 49.8 % (n = 1005) compared with 50.2 % (n = 1011) for women. The multivariate model analysis confirmed the increased prevalence of DED in women (OR 1.48; 95 % CI 1.30–1.88), those ≥60 years of age (OR 1.99; 95 % CI 1.60–2.81), those who had undergone refractive surgery (OR 1.79; 95 % CI 1.50–2.59), those having undergone acne treatment (OR 1.51; 95 % CI 1.34–1.97), contact lens wearers (OR 1.77; 95 % CI 1.40–2.48), those having taken antiallergy drugs (OR 2.23; 95 % CI 1.55–2.78) or antidepressants (OR 1.60; 95 % CI 1.14–2.44), and those who reported computer use of >6 h per day (OR 1.66; 95 % CI 1.41–2.52).ConclusionDry eye is a common disease among the Saudi Arabian population. Prevalence is found to be high and vary significantly across the country. DED could be attributed to dry weather, low annual rainfall, low humidity, widespread use of air conditioners, air pollution, high temperature, and exposure to sunlight. |
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| Keywords: | Dry eye Prevalence Risk factors Saudi Arabia |
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