A lithographic approach to determine volume expansion factors during anodization: Using the example of initiation and growth of TiO2-nanotubes |
| |
Authors: | Steffen Berger Julia Kunze Patrik Schmuki Darren LeClere Anna T Valota Peter Skeldon George E Thompson |
| |
Affiliation: | aDepartment of Materials Science, Institute for Surface Science and Corrosion (LKO), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany |
| |
Abstract: | The present work investigates the formation of nanotubes by anodizing titanium at 20 V in glycerol containing either 0.175 M or 0.35 M NH4F. A photoresist-masking method of thin Ti films allows to use SEM cross-sections to directly obtain information on oxide morphology, layer thickness and metal substrate loss. Therefore not only features of the initial growth stages but also oxide expansion factors can accurately be determined. The expansion factors were found to be 2.4 for the initial formation of a barrier layer, 1.7–1.9 during pore initiation and 2.7–3.1 as the main nanotubes develop. These values (>2.6) suggest substantial contribution to steady state tube growth by a plastic oxide flow mechanism. Combined with RBS efficiency measurements the method presented here allows facile and direct investigation of the mechanism of pore/tube formation. |
| |
Keywords: | Anodic TiO2 Nanotubes Growth Lithography |
本文献已被 ScienceDirect 等数据库收录! |