美国学术职业安全的保障机制

19世纪末期，美国大学管理开始出现官僚化、商业化的趋势，大学套用政府、企业的管理方式，片面追求成本、效益，用量化指标评价教师的工作，大学教师沦为学校的雇员。美国学术职业面临日益严重的危机。为了保障学术职业的安全，美国大学教授协会积极制定和推行学术职业的原则标准，并逐步得到联邦法院的认可。美国教师联合会和全国教育协会积极倡导集体谈判制度，保障大学教师的合法权益，促进了美国学术职业的发展。

The Safeguard Systems of Academic Profession in American Colleges and Universities

There has been a trend towards bureaucratism and commercialism in American colleges and universities since the end of the nineteenth century.Colleges and universities' authorities mainly cared for costs and benefits just like government or corporation did.The faculty was evaluated by the quantities of their work,and became the employees of colleges and universities.American academic profession was confronted with a big crisis.In order to safeguard the academic profession,Association of American University Professors set down the principles and standards of academic profession,which were approved of by the Federal Court of the United States.American Federation of Teachers and National Education Association also called for faculty collective bargaining for legal rights.Thus American academic profession was developed.