Task difficulty of virtual reality-based assessment tools compared to classical paper-and-pencil or computerized measures: A meta-analytic approach |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Evidence-based Assessment and Psychological Interventions Doctoral School, The International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babeş-Bolyai University, No. 37, Republicii Street 400015, Cluj-Napoca, Cluj, Romania;2. Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University, No. 37, Republicii Street 400015, Cluj-Napoca, Cluj, Romania;3. Department of Psychology, West University of Timişoara, No. 4, Vasile Pârvan Bulevard 300223, Timişoara, Timiş, Romania;4. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA;1. The School of Nursing, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China;2. Research Center for Nursing Theory and Practice, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China;1. Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Toronto, 500 University Av., Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada;2. Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, 3560 Bathurst St, Toronto, ON M6A 2E1, Canada;3. Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada;4. Department of Psychiatry, Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada;1. School of Nursing, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN;2. School of Nursing, University of Delaware, Newark, DE;1. Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada;2. Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR) - Notre-Dame Hospital, CIUSSS Centre-Sud-de-l''Île-de-Montréal (CCSMTL), Montreal, Quebec, Canada;3. Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia;4. Faculty of Health, School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia;5. QSpectral Systems Pty Ltd, Queensland, Australia;6. UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia;7. Department of Psychology, Western Colorado University, Gunnison, Colorado, USA;8. School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia;9. Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane & Woman''s Hospital, Queensland, Australia |
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| Abstract: | Virtual reality-based assessment tools arise as a promising alternative for classic neuropsychological assessment with an increased level of ecological validity. Because virtual reality cognitive measures recreate tasks that resemble with the demands from the real world it is assumed that they require additional cognitive resources and are more difficult than classical paper-and-pencil or computerized measures. Although research has focused on comparing the performance obtained on virtual reality-based measures with classical paper-and-pencil or computerized measures, no meta-analysis has been conducted on this topic. Thirteen studies met our inclusion criteria: assessed any cognitive process using virtual reality and analogous classical or computerized assessment tools of the same process. Based on a random effects model, the results indicated a moderate effect size in favor of classical and computerized tests (g = −0.77) revealing an increased task difficulty in virtual reality. Overall, results from the current meta-analysis point out that cognitive performance obtained in virtual reality is poorer than the one in classical or computerized assessment which might suggest that tasks embedded in virtual reality have an increased level of complexity and difficulty and require additional cognitive resources. |
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| Keywords: | Virtual reality Neuropsychological assessment Task difficulty |
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