海洋防污涂层的抗污机制及制备策略研究进展

首先简要陈述了海洋生物/微生物在金属基底表面的生物粘附和代谢物-腐蚀过程，包括条件膜吸附、生物膜形成、藻类和幼虫附着、大型生物寄居4个阶段。其次介绍了海洋防污涂层的2种抗污机制，分别是利用物理法抑制生物污损在材料表面附着和利用化学法释放防污剂或是产生活性氧杀灭微生物，并对比和分析了2种抗污机制的差异及其局限性。进一步将海洋防污涂层的构筑策略分为协同抗污和仿生抗污这两大类，其中协同抗污策略包括利用复配防污剂来提升抗菌广谱性，降低耐药性，或是引入电、热、磁等外场干预来协同强化涂层抗污效果。仿生抗污策略则是师法自然，在材料表面构筑微纳米结构，赋予涂层超浸润、超润滑、动态自抛光等仿生学特性，从而实现涂层的高效抗污。此外，还可以在涂层中引入天然防污剂或合成其衍生物，以降低防污剂对生态环境的毒害作用。最后展望了涂层防污机制的研究方向，并提出了新一代防污涂层的设计思路。

Review on Mechanism and Preparation Strategy of Advanced Anti-fouling Coatings

Marine biofouling not only accelerates the corrosion of offshore infrastructures but also increases the shipping resistance. In addition, bio-adhesion could promote trans-regional biological invasion. In order to reduce the damage from biofouling, anti-fouling coatings are regarded as one of the easiest and most economical ways to combat biofouling, which are widely used in ships, offshore wind power, offshore oil platforms, and other fields. Traditional anti-fouling coatings have some limitations such as short service periods, biological toxicity, and microplastic pollution, failing to meet the requirements of practical applications. Therefore, it has become a hotspot to develop a series of new-type marine anti-fouling coatings characterized by high efficiency, broad spectrum and environmental protectivity. In this work, the latest advance on marine anti-fouling coatings as well as their anti-biofouling mechanisms and preparation strategies were summarized. Firstly, the bio-adhesion and metabolite-corrosion processes of marine organisms/microbes on the surface of metal substrates were briefly described, including four stages:surface conditioning, biofilm formation, algal and larval attachment, and microorganism colonization. There were two anti-kind of fouling mechanisms. The physical anti-fouling was conducted through the adhesion inhibition of biological fouling on the surface of materials, and the chemical anti-fouling was through releasing anti-fouling agents or active oxygen to kill microorganisms. Furthermore, the preparation strategies of marine anti-fouling coatings could be divided into two categories:synergistic anti-fouling and bionic anti-fouling. Specifically, synergistic anti-fouling strategies contained the application of anti-fouling agents to improve broad-spectrum antibacterial properties. Moreover, the stimulus of electric, thermal, magnetic, and other external field interventions could synergistically strengthen the anti-fouling properties of coatings. In contrast, the bionic anti-fouling strategy was to construct micro-nano patterns on the surface of materials in a natural way, endowing the coatings with super-wettability, super-lubricative, dynamic self-polishing, and other bionic properties, thus hindering the adhesion of microorganism through forming a blocking layer like air cushion or hydration layer, to realize efficient anti-fouling capability. In addition, natural anti-fouling agents or their synthetic derivatives could also be incorporated into marine coatings to reduce their toxicity on ecological environments. Finally, it is prospected that a deep investigation on the anti-fouling mechanism would further propose new development of anti-fouling coatings for marine engineering.