Polyaziridine-Encapsulated Phosphorene-Incorporated Flexible 3D Porous Graphene for Multimodal Sensing and Energy Storage Applications

Heteroatom-incorporated graphene represents a prominent family of materials utilized as active electrodes for multimodal sensing and energy storage applications. Herein, a novel polyaziridine-encapsulated phosphorene (PEP)-incorporated flexible 3D porous graphene (3DPG) electrode is developed using facile, cost-effective laser writing, and drop-casting techniques. Owing to the excellent electrochemical characteristics and surface functionality of the highly stable PEP, the fabricated PEP/3DPG is evaluated as a potential electrode for immunosensing, electrocardiogram (ECG) recording, and microsupercapacitors (MSCs). Under optimized conditions, the produced PEP/3DPG-based carcinoembryonic immunosensor exhibits linear ranges of 0.1–700 pg mL⁻¹ and 1–100 ng mL⁻¹ with a detection limit of 0.34 pg mL⁻¹ and high selectivity. The finger touch-based ECG sensor demonstrates a relatively low and stable impedance at the skin-electrode interface; therefore, the signal-to-noise ratio of the ECG signal received from the fabricated sensor (13.5 dB) is comparable to that of conventional Ag/AgCl electrodes (13.9 dB). Besides, the highest areal capacitance of the prepared MSC reached a magnitude of 16.94 mF cm⁻², which is six times higher than that of a non-doped 3DPG-based MSC. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the described fabrication procedure and the high utilization potential of the encapsulated phosphorene-doped 3D graphene in multimodal applications.