城外造景：清末广州景园营造与岭南园林的近代转型

清末广州中西交汇，景园营造新旧共存互动，推动岭南园林的近代转型。其中，在繁荣的中西贸易和文化交流，以及书院文化、士绅文化等的影响下，清末岭南形成了以广州为中心、十三行行商为代表、官商士绅竞相造园的特殊历史时期，其造园数量、规模、意匠等均在该时期达到岭南古典园林发展的巅峰。这一时期也是岭南园林近代转型的关键时期。在西方文化和清末洋务运动思想的影响下，广州开始出现洋务花园、公园、市政绿化，以及校园绿地等新型园林形式。这些具有公共性质的城市景致与新建私园一道广泛分布在城墙以外，成为清末广州城市空间拓展与风景体系形成的重要参与者。由于清末广州城外造景的繁荣，从时间上开启了岭南园林的近代转型，在空间上使岭南园林的地域性特征得以形成和辨识，其空间性与时间性界定了清末岭南园林近代转型的物质及文化维度。梳理了清末广州具有代表性的景园营造活动，在分析其动力机制的同时，探讨城外造景之于岭南园林近代转型的意义。

Landscaping Outside the City Wall: Canton's Gardens in Late Qing Dynasty and the Modern Transformation of Lingnan Gardens

The integration of Chinese and Western cultures in Canton and the interaction of new and old gardens landscaping in late Qing Dynasty promoted the modern transformation of Lingnan gardens. Under the influence of prosperous trade and cultural communication between China and the West, as well as the academy culture and literati culture, Lingnan formed a special historical period in which Canton was the center, merchants of the Thirteen Hongs were the representatives, and the officials, merchants and literati all build gardens in late Qing Dynasty. During this period, the number, scale and conception reached the peak of the development in Lingnan gardens. Meanwhile, it was a crucial period in the modern transformation of Lingnan gardens. Under the influence of Western culture and the thought of westernization movement in late Qing Dynasty, new landscape such as factory gardens, parks, municipal greening, and campus green began to appear in Canton. These public urban landscape and new private gardens were widely distributed outside the city wall, have become important participants in urban space expansion and landscape system formation of Canton in late Qing Dynasty. Due to the prosperity of landscaping outside the city wall in late Qing Dynasty, the modern transformation of Lingnan gardens was started in time, and the regional characteristics of Lingnan gardens was formed and identified in space. Its spatiality and timeliness defined the material and cultural dimensions of the modern transformation of Lingnan gardens in late Qing Dynasty. This paper sorts out the representative gardens build in this period, and discusses the significance of landscaping outside the city wall for the modern transformation of Lingnan gardens while analyzing its dynamic mechanisms