Extrusion and property characterisation of waste-based ceramic formulations |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Ceramics and Glass Engineering Department, CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;2. ESTG, Polytechnique Institute of Viana do Castelo, 4900-348 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;1. Institute of Power Engineering, Ceramic Department CEREL, Research Institute, 1 Techniczna St., 36-040 Boguchwała, Poland;2. Wroclaw University of Technology, Division of Chemistry and Technology of Fuels, 27 Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego St., 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;3. Institute of Power Engineering, Research Institute, Thermal Processes Department, 36 Augustówka St., 02-981 Warszawa, Poland;4. Institute of Low Temperature and Structural Research Polish Academy of Sciences, 2 Okólna St., 50-422 Wrocław, Poland;1. State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430081, PR China;2. Jinzhou Ji Xin High Temperature Materials Co., Ltd., Jinzhou 121005, PR China;1. Institute of Power Engineering, Ceramic Department CEREL, Research Institute, 1 Techniczna St., 36-040 Boguchwała, Poland;2. Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A, Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania;3. Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Faculty of Chemistry, 11 Carol 1 Boulevard, R-700506 Iasi, Romania |
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| Abstract: | This work describes the studies carried out with various industrial wastes and natural sub-products based on the SiO2–Al2O3–CaO system, aimed at extruding all-waste ceramic products of industrial interest. Four waste materials were selected and characterised, namely, (i) Al-rich anodising sludge (A-sludge), (ii) sludge from the filtration/clarification of potable water (W-sludge), (iii) sludge generated in marble sawing processes (M-sludge), and (iv) foundry sand (F-sand).The plastic behaviour of two different all-waste formulations was first characterised by stress–strain curves and then, after prior adjustment of the plasticity level, the effect of the ram speed and extrusion pressure was evaluated using the Benbow–Bridgwater's model for paste extrusion. Using the waste-based formulations with additives and tube-dies of different die-land dimensions, a good agreement was demonstrated between predicted and measured values. The differences in the static friction coefficient give an effective indication of the surface quality of the extrudate.Extruded rods were then fired at several temperatures and characterised in terms of relevant functional properties (shrinkage, density and mechanical strength). Compositional evolution was assessed by X-ray diffraction. Since interesting performances were observed, the potential of the use of wastes in ceramic formulations of industrial interest was confirmed. |
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