Morphology of chromium emissions from a laminar hydrogen diffusion flame |
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| Affiliation: | 2. Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;3. Facility for Advanced Instrumentation, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;4. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;5. Department of Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea;1. Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Ferro & Piezoelectric Materials and Devices, Faculty of Physics and Electronic Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China;2. M.N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics, Ekaterinburg 620990, Russia;3. Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia;4. Institute of Solid State Chemistry, Ekaterinburg 620990, Russia;1. Dept. of Civil Engrg., Inje Univ., 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, South Korea;2. Dept. of Environ. Engrg., Nakdong River Environmental Research Center, Inje Univ., 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, South Korea;3. School of Sci. & Engrg., Univ. of Dundee, Perth Rd., Dundee DD1 4HN, UK;4. Dept. of Environ. Sci. & Engrg., Inje Univ., 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, South Korea;3. Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea;4. Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112;1. Fundación Octaedro, Quito 170505, Ecuador;2. School of Language, Culture, and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA;3. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago de Chile, Chile;4. Fribourg, Switzerland;5. College of Nursing and Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea;6. Oswaldo Cruz Foundation-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;1. Gerencia Materiales, CAC-CNEA, Avda. General Paz 1499, 1650 San Martín, Argentina;2. CONICET - Avda. Rivadavia 1917, Buenos Aires, C.P. 1033, Argentina |
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| Abstract: | The morphology and size distribution of chromium oxide particles has been studied in laminar hydrogen diffusion flames. Nitrogen was added to vary the flame temperatures. Two sources of chromium compounds were introduced: chromium nitrate and chromium hexacarbonyl. In order to clarify the morphology of chromium oxide particles that were produced in the flame, a detailed investigation was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after sampling with an isokinetic, dilution sampling probe. The morphology of the particles varied with the flame temperature and with the chromium source. The particles were characterized by porous structures, cenospheres, and agglomerated dense particles when chromium nitrate solution was added to the flames. At low to moderate temperatures, porous sintered cenospheric structures were formed, in some cases with a blow hole. At higher temperatures, an agglomerated cluster, which was composed of loosely sintered submicron particles was observed. SEM analysis revealed that the size distribution of chromium oxide particles was bimodal; submicron sizes were generated by the mechanism of cenosphere fragmentation. Chromium oxides formed from adding chromium hexacarbonyl to a hydrogen flame did not exhibit cenospheric structures. At high temperatures, a film of crystalline material was deposited onto a filter; at low temperatures very small agglomerated chains were found. The morphology of the metal particles is strongly dependent on the form in which the metal enters a flame. |
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