Processing of porous ceramics: Piezoelectric materials |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Materials and Structures Research Center (MAST), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom;2. Novel Aerospace Materials Group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, Delft, The Netherlands;3. Materials Innovation Institute (M2i), Elektronicaweg 25, Delft, The Netherlands;4. DEMO, Cooperate Services, EWI, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, Delft, The Netherlands;5. Soft Robotics Group, Faculty of Industrial Design, Delft University of Technology, Landbergstraat 15, Delft, The Netherlands;6. Holst Center, TNO, High Tech Campus 31, Eindoven, The Netherlands;1. Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;2. Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;3. Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;4. Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;5. Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale,Turkey |
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| Abstract: | The paper reviews processing techniques used to produce porous ceramics with tri-dimensionally interconnected porosity, in a wide range of pore volumes and pore size and distribution. Attention is focused on the development of porous electroceramics and especially piezoelectric PZT materials. The porosity can be introduced through dry or wet techniques. In the dry techniques, a fugitive phase is added to the perovskitic powder by mechanical mixing. Wet techniques involve the manipulation of suspensions and a better control of the final morphology and microstructure of the samples can be achieved by the colloidal approach. The whole spectrum of techniques for generation of porosity is surveyed; it includes burnout of volatile particles or thermally unstable sponge structures, generation of porosity by foaming, slip casting, tape casting, direct consolidation, solid freeform fabrication, die pressing. Porosities of up to 70% are obtained in aerogels by sol–gel processing. The pore size distribution and microstructural differences resulting from various processing parameters influence the physical properties, particularly the acoustic/piezoelectric response of PZT materials. |
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