The correlation of washability with the rate of surfactant adsorption |
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Authors: | A E Vandegrift Reverly J Rutkowski |
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Affiliation: | (1) Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City, Missouri;(2) Whirlpool Corporation Research Laboratories, St. Joseph, Michigan |
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Abstract: | A relation between the rate of adsorption of surfactant molecules at a gas-liquid interface and the soil removal ability of
the surfactant solution is presented. The relation is of the form SR=A+Bk+Ck2 where SR is the percentage soil removed, A, B, and C are constants, and k is the first order rate constant for the adsorption
process. The relation is empirical and as yet has not been coupled with a fundamental explanation of the detergency process
on a molecular scale.
The maximum soil removal does not always occur at the highest rate constant but may reach a maximum at an intermediate value.
The soil removal process seems to be different above the CMC than below it. For the different surfactants studied, the soil
removal is higher for the surfactant with larger rate constants.
The rate of surfactant adsorption was obtained from dynamic surface tension measurements made with the oscillating jet technique.
Soil removal information was obtained from laboratory tests using a Terg-O-Tometer and reflectance measurements on standard
cloth swatches. Cationic, nonionic, and anionic surfactants were studied. Specifically, the surfactants were Triton X-100
(an octyl phenol with 8 or 9 ethylene oxide units), NaDBS (sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate), and CTAB (cetyl trimethylammonium
bromide). The surface tension time range of 5 to 60 milliseconds and soil removal ability of these surfactants was investigated
over the temperature range of 20 to 60C, and the concentration range of 0.0003 to 0.009 M. |
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