Decisions about enteral tube feeding among the elderly

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the acute actions and physiologic dose profile of epinephrine, as a single inotrope, in patients with septic shock. DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. The relationship between epinephrine dose and cardiovascular variables was analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance. SETTING: ICU in a university teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Eighteen patients with septic shock, mean age 64 +/- 8 (SD) yrs, and with a mean admission Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) score of 23 (range 14 to 35). INTERVENTIONS: Initial volume loading and the measurement of a baseline hemodynamic profile were followed by the administration of an epinephrine infusion at 3 microgram/min with subsequent increments of 3 micrograms/min and the determination of a hemodynamic profile after each dose increment. Therapy was titrated to clinical goals of perfusion and restoration of premorbid systolic arterial BP. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: After volume loading, mean hemodynamic indices were as follows: mean arterial pressure (MAP) 62 +/- 7 mm Hg; cardiac index 3.8 +/- 1.1 L/min/m2; left ventricular stroke work index 25 +/- 11 g.m/m2; oxygen delivery (Do2) index 460 +/- 168 mL/min/m2; and oxygen consumption (VO2) index 165 +/- 64 mL/min/m2. In the dose range of 3 to 18 microgram/min, epinephrine produced linear increases in average heart rate, MAP, cardiac index, left ventricular stroke work index, stroke volume index, VO2, and DO2. No effect was noted on pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP), mean pulmonary arterial pressure, or systemic vascular resistance index. CONCLUSIONS: Epinephrine increases DO2 in septic shock by increasing cardiac index without an effect on systemic vascular resistance index or PAOP.