Source apportionment of ambient volatile organic compounds in Hong Kong

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured at four stations with different environments in Hong Kong (HK) during two sampling campaigns. Positive matrix factorization was applied to characterize major VOC sources in HK. Nine sources were identified, and the spatial and seasonal variations of their contributions were derived. The most significant local VOC sources are vehicle and marine vessel exhausts or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) at different stations. Vehicle- and marine vessel-related sources accounted for 2.9-12.7 ppbv in 2002-2003 and increased to 4.3-15.2 ppbv in 2006-2007. Different from the emission inventory, solvent-related sources only contributed 11- 19% at both sampling campaigns. Therefore, emission control from transport sector should be prioritized to alleviate ambient local VOC levels. Additionally, the contribution of aged VOC, which roughly represents contributions from regional and super-regional transport, also showed moderate increase during the four years, indicating cooperation with environmental authorities in the Pearl River Delta and beyond should be strengthened.All the anthropogenic sources contribute most to Yuen Long and least to Tap Mun. However, Tap Mun exhibited different trends in comparison with the other three stations, especially for sources of vehicle and marine vessel exhausts, LPG and paint solvents. When the local source contributions were incorporated with wind data to derive the directional dependences of sources, we may conclude that the rapid development of Yantian Container Terminal, the associated emissions from marine vessels around the Terminal and the on-site activities were likely responsible for the distinct VOC features at Tap Mun. The current impact from the Terminal is mainly concentrated in the northeastern corner of HK; however, it has the potential threat to other locations if the Terminal continues to expand in such a rapid speed in the coming years. More stringent VOC control measures on activities related to the operation of the Terminal is therefore highly recommended.