Quantification of pathogenic microorganisms and microbial indicators in three wastewater reclamation and managed aquifer recharge facilities in Europe |
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Authors: | Caterina Levantesi Rosanna La Mantia Uta Böckelmann M Neus Ayuso-Gabella Valter Tandoi Thomas Wintgens |
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Affiliation: | a Water Research Institute, CNR, via Salaria km 29,300 - 00015 Monterotondo, Roma, Italyb Water Research Institute, CNR, via Francesco De Blasio 5, 70123 Bari, Italyc Department of Environmental Microbiology, Technical University Berlin, Franklinstr. 29, D-10587 Berlin, Germanyd Unitat d'Edafologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spaine Intermunicipal Water Company of the Veurne Region (I.W.V.A.), Doornpannestraat 1, B-8670 Koksijde, Belgiumf University of Applied Sciences, Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Ecopreneurship, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland |
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Abstract: | Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) is becoming an attractive option for water storage in water reuse processes as it provides an additional treatment barrier to improve recharged water quality and buffers seasonal variations of water supply and demand. To achieve a better understanding about the level of pathogenic microorganisms and their relation with microbial indicators in these systems, five waterborne pathogens and four microbial indicators were monitored over one year in three European MAR sites operated with reclaimed wastewater. Giardia and Cryptosporidium (oo)cysts were found in 63.2 and 36.7% of the samples respectively. Salmonella spp. and helminth eggs were more rarely detected (16.3% and 12.5% of the samples respectively) and Campylobacter cells were only found in 2% of samples. At the Belgian site advanced tertiary treatment technology prior to soil aquifer treatment (SAT) produced effluent of drinking water quality, with no presence of the analysed pathogens. At the Spanish and Italian sites amelioration of microbiological water quality was observed between the MAR injectant and the recovered water. In particular Giardia levels decreased from 0.24-6.14 cysts/L to 0-0.01 cysts/L and from 0.4-6.2 cysts/L to 0-0.07 cysts/L in the Spanish and Italian sites respectively. Salmonella gene copies and Giardia cysts were however found in the water for final use and/or the recovered groundwater water at the two sites. Significant positive Spearman correlations (p < 0.05, rs range: 0.45-0.95) were obtained, in all the three sites, between Giardia cysts and the most resistant microbial markers, Clostridium spores and bacteriophages. |
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Keywords: | Wastewater reclamation Managed aquifer recharge Salmonella Giardia Cryptosporidium Helminth eggs Faecal indicators |
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