The Multiscale Origins of Fracture Resistance in Human Bone and Its Biological Degradation |
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| Authors: | E A Zimmermann H D Barth R O Ritchie |
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| Affiliation: | (1) Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA;(2) Experimental Systems Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA;(3) Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA;; |
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| Abstract: | Akin to other mineralized tissues, human cortical bone can resist deformation and fracture due to the nature of its hierarchical
structure, which spans the molecular to macroscopic length scales. Deformation at the smallest scales, mainly through the
composite action of the mineral and collagen, contributes to bone’s strength or intrinsic fracture resistance, while crack-tip shielding mechanisms active on the microstructural scale contribute to the extrinsic fracture resistance once cracking begins. The efficiency with which these structural features can resist fracture at both
small and large length scales becomes severely degraded with such factors as aging, irradiation, and disease. Indeed, aging
and irradiation can cause changes to the cross-link profile at fibrillar length scales as well as changes at the three orders
of magnitude larger scale of the osteonal structures, both of which combine to inhibit the bone’s overall resistance to initiation
and growth of cracks. |
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