聚酰胺基碳纳米管复合纤维的研究现状与进展北大核心CSCD

碳纳米管的力学、电学及热学等性能可赋予聚酰胺纤维良好功能,且聚酰胺基碳纳米管复合纤维能够保持其功能的稳定性。然而,如何提高碳纳米管在聚酰胺基体中的分散效果、降低碳纳米管应用成本,是碳纳米管复合纤维及其纺织品的重要研究方向。因此,本文结合现阶段国内外聚酰胺基碳纳米管复合纤维及纺织品的研究现状,探讨影响聚酰胺基碳纳米管复合纤维结构性能的主要因素和应用前景,为推进碳纳米管在纺织领域中的发展应用提供参考。

Research progress of polyamide-based carbon nanotube composite fibers

Carbon nanotubes with unique structure, great specific surface area, good electrical conductivity and excellent mechanical properties are perfect fillers for preparing functional and high-performance composite materials. Polyamide fiber is widely used because of its excellent wear resistance and light weight. Polyamide-based carbon nanotube composite fibers can be prepared by a suitable method to obtain the effect of complementary advantages and improve the mechanical and electrical properties of polyamide fibers while giving full play to the functions of carbon nanotubes. The composite fibers have great application prospects in the fields of electric conduction, thermal conduction, electromagnetic shielding and high-performance fiber materials. However, the dispersion effect of carbon nanotubes in polyamide matrix and the interfacial bonding force between the two are the key factors affecting the quality of composite fibers, which are unavoidable in the research process. In order to promote the development and application of polyamide-based carbon nanotube composite fibers, this paper started from the functional modification methods of carbon nanotubes, reviewed the influence of these methods on the dispersion of carbon nanotubes in polyamide matrix and their enhancement or functionalization effects of composite fibers. Then, the research status of polyamide-based carbon nanotube composite fibers was summarized according to the preparation methods, the key technologies and difficulties of its preparation were discussed. Finally, the application prospects of polyamide-based carbon nanotube composite fibers were prospected. The functional modification methods of carbon nanotubes can be divided into covalent functional modification and non-covalent functional modification. The covalent functional modification refers to activating the carbon nanotubes by oxidation or plasma treatment processes, and introducing active functional groups there, and then using the active points to carry out subsequent grafting modification. The non-covalent functional modification refers to using non-covalent bonds such as hydrogen bonds to make organic or inorganic macromolecules physically adsorbed or wrapped on the surface of carbon nanotubes. The covalently functionalized modified carbon nanotubes and the polyamide matrix have a stronger interface force, which would destroy the structure of carbon nanotubes. Despite little damage of non-covalent functionalization to the structure of carbon nanotubes, it is difficult to remove the dispersant. The polyamide-based carbon nanotube composite fibers can be prepared by the methods of melt spinning, electrospinning, impregnation and surface coating. Melt spinning is a simple process with high production efficiency, but in polyamide, a high viscosity polymer melt, it is difficult to disperse carbon nanotubes. Electrospinning method can be used to produce materials of ultra-high relative surface area, and at the meantime, the fillers can be effectively dispersed, arranged and oriented, but it has low efficiency. The impregnation and coating method can make the carbon nanotubes form a good functional network on the surface of the polyamide fiber, but carbon nanotubes on the fiber surface fall off easily. The factors affecting the quality of polyamide-based carbon nanotube composite fibers include the preparation method of carbon nanotubes and their structures, the processing and forming method and parameters of composite fibers, the content and dispersion state of carbon nanotubes, and the interfacial interaction between carbon nanotubes and polyamide matrix. Compared with multiwalled carbon nanotubes, single-walled carbon nanotubes endow polyamide-based carbon nanotube composite fibers with lower surface resistance and have better enhancement effect on the composite fibers. If the content of carbon nanotubes is too low, it cannot break through the functionalization or enhancement threshold. If the content is excessively high, it will form stress concentration, leading to the embrittlement of composite fibers. The polyamide-based carbon nanotube reinforced composite fibers can be applied in special fields with high requirements for fiber mechanical properties, with potential application prospects in the aspects of heat conduction, heat preservation, flame retardance due to the unique thermal characteristics. Carbon nanotubes have improved the electrical properties of the composite fiber, which can be applied to antistatic, electromagnetic radiation and other functional protective clothing and electronic components of smart wearable textiles. The polyamide-based carbon nanotube composite fibers can be prepared by adding carbon nanotubes with excellent properties into polyamide matrix through appropriate methods and processes, which can effectively solve the problem of poor processability of carbon nanotubes and endow polyamide fibers with new functions, and it is an effective method to achieve high performance and functionalization of fibers. Polyamide-based carbon nanotube composite fibers have good mechanical, electrical, thermal and other comprehensive properties, and have broad application prospects. It is necessary to conduct in-depth research on the dispersion method of carbon nanotubes and the interfacial interaction mechanism between carbon nanotube and polyamide matrix, and to optimize the controllable and predictable process conditions. It is of great practical significance to prepare polyamide-based carbon nanotube composite fibers with excellent physical and chemical properties as well as good functions at low cost. It is necessary to further study on the application prospect of polyamide-based carbon nanotube composite fiber in high performance reinforcing fiber, electrical and thermal materials and expand to other fields. © 2022 China Silk Association. All rights reserved.