Nanofluid stabilizes and enhances convective boiling heat transfer in a single microchannel

The flow boiling heat transfer in a single microchannel was investigated with pure water and nanofluid as the working fluids. The microchannel had a size of 7500 × 100 × 250 μm, which was formed by two pyrex glasses and a silicon wafer. A platinum film with a length of 3500 μm and a width of 80 μm was deposited at the bottom channel surface, acting as the heater and temperature sensor. The nanofluid had a low weight concentration of 0.2%, consisting of de-ionized water and 40 nm Al₂O₃ nanoparticles. The nanoparticle deposition phenomenon was not observed. The boiling flow displays chaotic behavior due to the random bubble coalescence and breakup in the milliseconds timescale at moderate heat fluxes for pure water. The flow instability with large oscillation amplitudes and long cycle periods was observed with further increases in heat fluxes. The flow patterns are switched between the elongated bubbles and isolated miniature bubbles in the timescale of 100 s. It is found that nanofluid significantly mitigate the flow instability without nanoparticle deposition effect. The boiling flow is always stable or quasi-stable with significantly reduced pressure drop and enhanced heat transfer. Miniature bubbles are the major flow pattern in the microchannel. Elongated bubbles temporarily appear in the milliseconds timescale but isolated miniature bubbles will occupy the channel shortly. The decreased surface tension force acting on the bubble accounts for the smaller bubble size before the bubble departure. The inhibition of the dry patch development by the structural disjoining pressure, and the enlarged percentage of liquid film evaporation heat transfer region with nanoparticles, may account for the heat transfer enhancement compared to pure water.