Three-dimensional nonwoven scaffolds from a novel biodegradable poly(ester amide) for tissue engineering applications |
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Authors: | Karsten Hemmrich Jochen Salber Melanie Meersch Ute Wiesemann Thomas Gries Norbert Pallua Doris Klee |
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Affiliation: | Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery--Burn Centre, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52057 Aachen, Germany. hemmrich@gmx.de |
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Abstract: | Biodegradable polyesters are established biomaterials in medicine due to their chemical characteristics and options for material
processing. A main problem, however, is the release of acid degradation products during biodegradation with severe local pH-drops
and inflammatory reactions. Polyesteramides, in contrast, show a less prominent pH-drop during degradation. In this study,
we developed a simple, reproducible synthesis of the poly(ester amide) (PEA) type C starting from ε-caprolactame, 1,4-butanediol,
and adipic acid in a one-batch two-step reaction and conducted the manufacturing of PEA-derived 3D textile scaffolds applicable
for tissue engineering purposes. The thermal and mechanical properties of PEA-type C were analysed and the structural conformity
of different batches was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography. The polymer was formed into nonwovens
by textile manufacturing. Cytotoxicity tests and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to analyze the effect of
scaffold extraction before cell seeding. The manufactured carriers were seeded with human preadipocytes and examined for cellular
proliferation and differentiation. The production of PEA type C successfully occurred via simultaneous ring-opening polymerization
of ε-caprolactame and polycondensation with 1,4-butanediol and adipic acid at 250 °C under high-vacuum. Soxhlet extraction
allowed optimal cleaning of nonwoven scaffolds. Extracted PEA-derived matrices were capable of allowing good adherence, proliferation,
and differentiation of preadipocytes. These results are encouraging and guidance towards an optimally prepared nonwoven carrier
applicable for clinical use.
K. Hemmrich and J. Salber have contributed equally. |
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