发展车用替代燃料的国际经验及影响因素

发展车用替代燃料是全世界各个国家和地区实现低碳转型的重要途径之一。巴西利用丰富的土地资源、较低的生产成本和不断提高的技术水平,通过制定和实施以甘蔗为主要原料的乙醇燃料发展计划,于2006年第一次实现了能源独立。巴基斯坦凭借天然气价格低廉、管道设施完善等优势大力发展天然气汽车,阿根廷通过控制天然气价格以及对汽油销售施以重税来推动消费者转向使用天然气汽车。美国在20世纪90年代前后尝试推广甲醇汽油,其中加利福尼亚州走在了各州前列,不过由于经济性不强、甲醇燃料的腐蚀问题以及既得利益者反对等原因,加州于2005年放弃了使用甲醇汽油车。日本则是重点发展纯电动汽车和混合动力汽车。通过研究以往的发展经验,可以总结出影响车用替代燃料发展的重要因素包括燃料的来源和经济性、技术成熟度和基础设施建设,以及有效的政策激励。另外,消费者的意识、社会各界的支持、基础研发的跟进等也是需要谨慎考虑的。

International Experience and Influencing Factors on the Development of Alternative Fuels

Developing alternative vehicle fuels is one of the most important methods to achieve a low-carbon transition for all countries and regions.Brazil achieved energy independence for the first time in 2006 through the development and implementation of sugarcane-based ethanol fuel development plans by taking full advantage of its significant land resources,lower production cost and advancing technology.By taking advantage of its low natural gas prices and excellent pipeline facilities,Pakistan has been aggressively developing natural gas-powered vehicles.By controlling natural gas prices and imposing heavy taxes on gasoline sales,Argentina encourages consumers to switch to natural gas-powered vehicles.In the 1990s,the United States began to pro- mote the use of methanol gasoline ,and California has been at the forefront of methanol use as vehicle fuel. However,due to low economic benefits,corrosion problems and oppositions from vested interest groups ,Califor- nia abandoned the use of methanol gasoline in 2005.Japan has focused on the development of fully electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles.By studying past experience,this article sums up important factors affecting the development of alternative vehicle fuels,including the sources and economic viability of fuels,maturity of technology used,infrastructure and effective policy incentives.In addition,consumer awareness,supports from various communities of the society and basic research and development are also important factors requiring careful consideration