非洲能源新格局下中国石油企业的战略选择

近年来非洲油气资源探明储量快速增长,油气产量前景广阔,不仅在北非、西非等传统产油区获得重要进展,而且在东非﹑非洲内陆以及南部非洲都取得重要突破。到2013年,非洲原油储量增至1276×108bbl,天然气储量增至515×1012ft3,油气储量占全球的比重从1991年的6%增至2011年的8%。2010年非洲原油产量达到1077.0×104bbl/d,占全球产量的12.4%,后因局势动荡,产量急剧下滑。2011年非洲天然气产量达到71235.3×108ft3,占全球产量的6.1%。非洲是中国第二大石油进口来源地和最大的海外份额油来源地,中非能源合作方式也实现多元化,从贸易合作到投资开发,再到"贷款换石油",但存在投资合作少、份额油少、合作对象中大型产油国少、合作项目中区块权益类少等特点。非洲在全球能源格局中的地位大幅提升,市场竞争也日趋激烈,石油工业本土化趋势明显。中国石油企业的合作战略要从国际化向本土化转变,合作战术要从单打独斗向强强联合转变,合作对象要从中小产油国向大型产油国转变,合作方式要从贸易合作为主向投资合作为主转变,合作优势要从政治优势向技术优势转变。

The Strategic Options for Chinese Oil Companies in the Context of New Energy Landscape in Africa

In recent years,Africa’s proven oil and gas reserves have been growing rapidly and the continent has great potential for a dramatic rise in its oil and gas production.Significant progress has been made not only in traditional oil-producing areas such as northern Africa and western Africa but also in eastern Africa,inland Africa and southern Africa.By the beginning of 2013,Africa’s crude oil reserves rose to 1276 ×108bbl,natural gas reserves increased to 515 ×1012ft3 and share of its oil and gas reserves in the world ’ s total grew to 8% in 2011 from 6% in 1991.In 2010,Africa’s crude oil production reached 1077.0×104bbl/d,representing 12.4% of the world’s total production.The continent’s crude oil production has taken a dive since 2010 due to fragile political situation.Africa’ s natural gas production reached 71235.3 ×108ft3 in 2011,representing 6.1% of the world’s production.Africa is China’s second largest source of oil imports and largest equity oil source overseas.The China-Africa energy cooperation is now in many forms,from trade cooperation to investment in development and to ＂loan for oil＂.However,this cooperation features few joint investment projects,low equity oil production,few major oil-producing countries involved and few block equity programs in cooperative projects.The position of Africa in the global energy supply landscape has elevated considerably and market com petition in the continent is increasingly intense.A trend is apparent that the oil industry of Africa is being localized.Chinese oil companies should adjust their partnership strategies in response to this trend by shifting towards localization from internationalization and should change their partnership tactics from fighting alone to joining force with strong partners.They should change their focus of seeking partnership from small and midsized oil-producing countries to large oil-producing countries and shift the focus of establishing partnership to joint investment from trade.They should also try to establish a technical advantage over competitors in addition to a political edge.