Process optimization of silica encapsulation technique as a unique remediation technology for the treatment of crude oil contaminated soil

The effect of hydrocarbon pollution on soil quality is globally challenging. Addressing the menace of pollution on soil necessitates research into the development of viable remediation technique that is fast, effective, efficient and environmentally friendly; with cutting edge advantages over conventional remediation techniques. The technique was designed using a formulated silica encapsulating product and applied on soil contaminated by simulation with 10% crude oil. Soil was characterized for its physicochemical properties using standard methods, while its TPH content determined by molecular spectroscopy. Properties such as conductivity, pH and phosphorus levels were severely impacted by the hydrocarbon effect. Silica encapsulating product was formulated from sodium silicate and sodium dodecyl sulphate using proper optimization procedures. The encapsulating product (sodium silicate and SDS) were used in a ratio of 1:2. Optimum concentrations of 60,000 ppm sodium silicate solution, 120,000 ppm SDS, applied at optimum pH and temperature of 5 and 25 °C respectively were established from the process optimization of the experimental technique. The technique shows rapid response towards TPH removal, as 86.79% TPH reduction is achieved after seven days of treatment. The encapsulation process follows pseudo first order kinetics. Significant reduction in metals; Ni (0.61–0.036 mg/kg), V (0.82–0.11 mg/kg) and Cd (0.05–0.016 mg/kg) shows the efficacy of the technique, thereby providing a dual alternative for the remediation of hydrocarbons and heavy metals. The technique seems to be effective in restoring some lost soil properties as seen in pH, conductivity and total nitrogen after treatment. The environmental friendliness, cost effectiveness and merits associated with this technique gives it a unique advantage over other conventional methods; as such presents promising alternative route for remediation experts in addressing the challenges associated with hydrocarbon and metals pollution on soil. Silica encapsulation technique is therefore suitable for outright applications in real field challenges.