In utero exposure to extra vitamin D from food fortification and the risk of subsequent development of gestational diabetes: the D-tect study |
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| Authors: | Amélie Keller,Maria Stougård,Peder Frederiksen,Fanney Thorsteinsdottir,Allan Vaag,Peter Damm,Ramune Jacobsen,Berit L. Heitmann |
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| Affiliation: | 1.Research Unit for Dietary Studies at The Parker Institute Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, part of the Copenhagen University Hospital - The capital Region,Frederiksberg,Denmark;2.Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Disease (CVRM) Translational Medicine Unit, Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca,Gothenburg,Sweden;3.Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Department of Obstetrics,Rigshospitalet,Copenhagen,Denmark;4.Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,University of Copenhagen,Copenhagen,Denmark;5.Research Unit for Chronic Conditions, Center of Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg og Frederiksberg Hospital, Capital Region,Frederiksberg,Denmark;6.The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, University of Sydney,Sydney,Australia;7.The National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark,Copenhagen,Denmark;8.The Department of Public Health, Section for General Medicine,University of Copenhagen,Copenhagen,Denmark |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundThe primary aim of this study was to assess whether exposure during fetal life to extra vitamin D from food fortification was associated with a reduction in the risk of subsequently developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Furthermore, we examined whether the effect of the vitamin D from fortification differed by women’s season of birth.MethodsThis semi-ecological study is based on the cancellation in 1985 of the mandatory policy to fortify margarine with vitamin D in Denmark, with inclusion of entire national adjacent birth cohorts either exposed or unexposed to extra vitamin D in utero. The identification of GDM cases later in life among both exposure groups was based on the Danish national health registers. Logistic regression analyses generating odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were performed.ResultsWomen who were prenatally exposed to the extra vitamin D from fortification tended to have a lower risk of subsequently developing GDM than unexposed women (OR 0.87, 95%CI 0.74,1.02, P?=?0.08). When analyses were stratified by women’s season of birth, exposed women born in spring had a lower risk of developing GDM compared to unexposed subjects (OR 0.68, 95%CI 0.50,0.94, p?=?0.02).ConclusionThis study suggests that prenatal exposure to extra vitamin D from mandatory fortification may lower the risk of developing gestational diabetes among spring-born women.Trial registrationThis study is part of the D-tect project, which is registered on clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03330301. |
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