Size and scaling effects in barium titanate. An overview |
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| Affiliation: | 1. ICMATE-CNR, Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genoa, Italy;2. Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA;3. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA;1. Dielectrics, Ferroelectrics & Multiferroics Group, Faculty of Physics, “Al. I. Cuza” University, Bv. Carol 11, Iasi, 700506, Romania;2. GRADIENT SRL., Str. Codrescu, Nr.17, 700495, Ia?i, Romania;3. Research Department of the Faculty of Physics, “Al. I. Cuza” University, Bv. Carol 11, Iasi, 700506, Romania;4. Faculty of Chemistry, “Al. I. Cuza” University, Bv. Carol 11, Iasi, 700506, Romania;5. Inst.of Macromolecular Chemistry “Petru Poni”, Aleea Grigore Ghica Voda 41A, 700487, Iasi, Romania;1. State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China;2. School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China;1. Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy, National Research Council, via De Marini 6, 16149 Genoa, Italy;2. Department of Earth Sciences “Ardito Desio”, University of Milan, via Botticelli 23, 20133 Milan, Italy;3. Materials Center Leoben Forschung GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria;4. Institut für Struktur- und Funktionskeramik, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Peter Tunner Straße 5, A-8700 Leoben, Austria;5. Dielectrics, Ferroelectrics & Multiferroics Group, Department of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 11 Bv. Carol I, 700506 Iasi, Romania;6. Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry “Petru Poni”, Aleea Grigore Ghica Voda 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania;1. Dept. Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea;2. Dept. Materials System Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea;3. Technology Convergence Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Jinju, 52851, Republic of Korea;4. Energy and Environmental Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Jinju, 52851, Republic of Korea;1. Dielectrics, Ferroelectrics & Multiferroics Group, Faculty of Physics, Al. I. Cuza University, Bv. Carol I, no. 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania;2. Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Department of Exact and Natural Sciences, Al. I. Cuza University, Bv. Carol I, no.11, 700506, Iasi, Romania;3. Faculty of Chemistry, Al. I. Cuza University, Bv. Carol I no. 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania;4. Economical & Administrative College Iasi, str. Sarariei, no. 35, 700320, Romania |
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| Abstract: | Ferroelectric perovskites such as BaTiO3 and Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 are well-suited for a variety of applications including piezoelectric transducers and actuators, multilayer ceramic capacitors, thermistors with positive temperature coefficient, ultrasonic and electro-optical devices. Ferroelectricity arises from the long-range ordering of elemental dipoles which determines the appearance of a macroscopic polarization and a spontaneous lattice strain. The confinement of a ferroelectric system in a small volume produces a perturbation of the polar order because of the high fraction of surface atoms and ferroelectricity vanishes when the size of the material is reduced below a critical dimension. This critical size is of a few nanometres in the case of epitaxial thin films and of 10?20 nm for nanoparticles and nanoceramics. The change in properties with decreasing physical dimensions is usually referred to as size effect. Thin films and ceramics are particularly prone to show size effects. A progressive variation of dielectric, elastic and piezoelectric properties of ferroelectric ceramics is already observed when the grain size is reduced below ≈10 μm, i.e. at a length scale much larger than the critical size. In this case it is more appropriate to refer to scaling effects as they are not related to material confinement.The aim of this contribution is to review the current understanding of size and scaling effects in perovskite ferroelectric ceramics and, in particular, in BaTiO3. After a short survey on the intrinsic limits of ferroelectricity and on the impact of particle/grain size on phase transitions, the role of interfaces such as ferroelectric/ferroelastic domain walls and grain boundaries in scaling of dielectric and piezoelectric properties will be discussed in detail. Multiple mechanisms combine to produce the observed scaling effects and the maximization of the dielectric constant and piezoelectric properties exhibited by BaTiO3 ceramics for an intermediate grain size of ≈1 μm. The broad dispersion of experimental data is determined by spurious effects related to synthesis, processing and variation of Ba/Ti ratio. Furthermore, we will consider these size effects, and other properties in relation to the downsizing the modern multilayer BaTiO3 based capacitors. |
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| Keywords: | Ferroelectricity Barium titanate Ceramics Dielectrics Multilayer ceramic capacitor |
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