Polarity of epithelial cells of the liver. Cellular and molecular mechanisms, and pathologic changes

Smooth muscle contraction is primarily regulated not only by changes in cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations (Ca2+]i) but also by changes in the force/Ca2+]i ratio. The use of membrane-permeabilization technique facilitated demonstration of an increase in the level of force at constant Ca2+]i (Ca2+ sensitization). It was clarified that Rho-associated kinase (Rho-kinase) is a novel mediator of Ca2+ sensitization of the smooth muscle contraction, by introducing the recombinant catalytic domain of Rho-kinase into the cytosol of vascular smooth muscle permeabilized with beta-escin. This review article focuses on novel mechanisms, by which activation of receptor-coupled G-protein(s) increases Ca2+ sensitivity of the contractile apparatus in smooth muscle: Rho-kinase and protein kinase C.