Production of fatty acid methyl esters over a limestone-derived heterogeneous catalyst in a fixed-bed reactor |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Fuels Research Center, Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;2. Program in Petrochemistry and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;3. PTT Research and Technology Institute, PTT Public Company Limited, Wangnoi, Ayutthaya 13170, Thailand;4. Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;1. Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran;2. Department of Surface Coatings and Corrosion, Institute for Color Science and Technology, No. 59, Vafamanesh St., Hosainabad Sq., Lavizan, Tehran, Iran;1. Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 100 Inharo, Nam-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Yanbian University, 977 Gongyuan Road, Yanji, Jilin province 133002, People''s Republic of China;3. Industrial Liaison Research Institute, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea;1. Young Researchers & Elite Club, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran;2. Department of Chemistry, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran;3. Departments of Chemistry, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran;1. Biosystems Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran 14114, Iran;2. Department of Biosystems Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran;3. Biotechnology Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran;4. Department of Biosystems Engineering, Shahrekord University, 8818634141 Shahrekord, Iran;5. Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands;6. Modares Environmental Research Institute, Tehran, Iran;1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 1271 Sa 3-dong, Sangnok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, Republic of Korea;2. R&D Center, UNID Co. Ltd, Inchenon, Gyeonggi-do 402-041, Republic of Korea |
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| Abstract: | Production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) via the transesterification of different vegetable oils and methanol with a limestone-derived heterogeneous catalyst was investigated in a fixed-bed reactor at 65 °C and ambient pressure. This heterogeneous catalyst, as a 1 or 2 mm cross-sectional diameter extrudate, was prepared via a wet mixing of thermally treated limestone with Mg and Al compounds as binders and with or without hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) as a plasticizer, followed by calcination at 800 °C. The physicochemical properties of the prepared catalysts were characterized by various techniques. Palm kernel oil, palm oil, palm olein oil and waste cooking oil could be used as the feedstocks but the FFA and water content must be limited. The extrudate catalyst prepared with the HEC addition exhibited an enhanced formation of FAME due to an increased porosity and basicity of the catalyst. The FAME yield was increased with the methanol/oil molar ratio. The effect of addition of methyl esters as co-solvents on the FAME production was investigated. The structural and compositional change of the catalysts spent in different reaction conditions indicated that deactivation was mainly due to a deposition of glycerol and FFA (if present). The FAME yield of 94.1 wt.% was stably achieved over 1500 min by using the present fixed-bed system. |
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| Keywords: | Biodiesel Transesterification Heterogeneous catalyst Limestone Fixed-bed reactor |
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