Magnetic CoFe2O4 nanoparticles doped with metal ions: A review

Ceramic-magnetic nanoparticles (CMNPs) are attracting attention due to their various applications, especially in biomedical industries. Among them, spinel ferrite CMNPs have received considerable deliberations among different spinel metal oxides due to their fascinating characteristics. Spinel ferrite CMNPs are used for enhancement of the applicability of CMNPs without affecting the intrinsic advantages of iron oxide CMNPs. Spinel ferrites with doping agents have useful electrical and magnetic properties in various fields. Moreover, the replacement of metallic atoms in ferrites is promising to manipulate physical characteristics and improve their performance. Among different spinel ferrites, CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles are the most investigated CMNPs. Furthermore, they are used as permanent magnets, magnetic recorders in high-density and micro-wave devices, and magnetic fluids. This study reviews the CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles doped with various elements and their applications in various fields.