A Level-Set Method for the Direct Numerical Simulation of Particle Motion in Droplet Evaporation

A sharp-interface level-set (LS) method is presented for direct numerical simulation (DNS) of particle motion in droplet evaporation. The LS formulation for liquid–gas flows is extended to liquid–gas–solid flows by treating the moving solid region as a high-viscosity fluid phase. The evaporation effect is accurately implemented by imposing the coupled temperature and vapor fraction conditions at the interface. The LS method is tested through computations of particle sedimentation in single-phase and two-phase fluids. The DNS of particle motion in droplet evaporation demonstrates the pinning phenomena of the liquid–gas–solid contact line.