中国被动房外围护系统研究——以寒冷、严寒气候区被动房项目为例

德国的被动房是目前世界公认的具有超低能耗、超低碳排放量、超高室内舒适度等特点的建筑技术体系。德国的气候特征与中国华北地区的气候特征具有相似性,因此,研究并建造被动房对于我国建筑节能工作的发展具有重大的意义。外围护系统作为被动房设计的重点要素,对建筑的节能效率有重大的影响。以寒冷、严寒气候区的被动房项目为例,对被动房外围护系统进行分析与阐述,并以秦皇岛"在水一方"被动式住宅示范项目为例,进行能耗模拟与对比分析。提出适合我国寒冷、严寒气候区气候特点的被动式超低能耗建筑外围护系统的设计策略。

Enclosure System of Chinese Passive House:Passive house in Chinese cold zone and severe cold zone as examples

Considering the fact that building heating energy consumption per unit area in northern part of China has been decreased greatly since 2001 mainly due to the improvement and development of thermal performance on enclosure system,it is highly crucial to strengthen thermal performance of enclosure system in building energy saving progress.Passive house from Germany are buildings which assure a comfortable indoor micro climate in summer and winter without relying on conventional heating and cooling systems and it has been proved to be architectural technology system with extremely low energy consumption,extremely low carbon emission and extremely high level of indoor comfort.Its four main energy saving aspects of enclosure system include highly efficient external thermal insulation systems,good air-tightness,energy saving windows and doors and no-heat-bridge structure.The promotion of passive house in China is still at a beginning stage.Germany and cold zone of China show similarities in climate features.In this sense,it is of great significance to study passive house and localize it in China from the field of building energy saving.In this paper,the author takes four representative passive houses in cold zone and severe cold zone of China as examples.Basic information of project and energy saving strategies from all aspects are briefly introduced according to site interview and case study.Specific analysis on four main aspects of the enclosure system is made based on reading materials and related research.Comparison about four aspects between Chinese 65％ energy saving buildings and passive house cases are made to elaborate how four aspects of enclosure system of passive house are different from ordinary buildings and how these four aspects contribute to architectural energy saving progress.The energy consumption simulation and analysis is also introduced in the case of Zaishuiyifang project in cold zone of China.Simulation includes heating,cooling and transitional seasons.Design Builder software is applied to build a digital model according to No.12 building of Zaishuiyifang project,set two different series of data based on enclosure system of Chinese 65％ energy saving buildings and passive house,and simulate heating energy consumption,cooling energy consumption and annual energy consumption.Simulation results show that passive house cost only half of energy as much as Chinese 65％ energy saving buildings do.It means that performance improvement of enclosure system is highly important for Chinese 65％energy saving buildings.This paper also gives suitable design strategies for localizing passive house and developing energy saving buildings in China.First,improving thermal performance of enclosure system includes adopting insulation materials with low thermal coefficient,improving constructive professional skills of enclosure system in order to have better air-tightness and reduce heat-bridge and utilizing energy saving windows and doors.Second,expanding new thermal insulation materials with low expense and high strength is greatly efficient.Third,when localizing passive house in China,architects should take local climate condition and local customs into consideration.Finally,completion of building management system can guarantee buildings to serve efficiently and economically.