A bioactivity based comparison of Echinacea purpurea extracts obtained by various processes |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química - Universidad Nacional del Sur – CONICET CC 717 - 8000 Bahía Blanca, Prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina;2. IDTQ-Grupo Vinculado PLAPIQUI – CONICET, Argentina;3. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba – Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Ciudad Universitaria, X5016GCA Córdoba, Argentina;4. Departmento de Engenharia Quimica, Universidad Estadual de Maringá, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil;1. Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Piazzale Luciano Chiappini 3, 44123 Malborghetto di Boara, Ferrara, Italy;2. Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy;1. Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 2B5;2. Medical Department, A. Vogel Bioforce AG, Roggwil TG, Switzerland;1. State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;2. International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;3. School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China |
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| Abstract: | Echinacea species is provided as dietary supplements for various infectious and immune related disorders and has a potential role in cancer prevention. The aim of this study was to optimize the extraction of total flavonoids using different extraction methods and investigate the cytotoxic effects on various cancer cell lines (CaCo-2, MCF-7, A549, U87MG, and HeLa) and VERO (African green monkey) as a non-cancerous cell line. Box-Behnken statistical design was used to evaluate the effect of pressure (100–200 bar), temperature (40–80 °C) and ethanol as co-solvent (6–20 wt%) at a flow rate of 15 g/min for 60 min in supercritical CO2 extraction and the effect of temperature (60–100 °C), time (5–15 min) and power (300–900 W) in microwave-assisted extraction. Optimum extraction conditions were elicited as 300 bar, 80 °C and 13% co-solvent yielding 0.472 mg rutin equivalent total flavonoids/g extract in SC-CO2 extraction, whereas 60 °C, 10 min and 300 W yielded the highest (0.202 mg rutin equivalent) total flavonoids in microwave-assisted extraction. Additional trials with subcritical water (0.022 mg/g) and Soxhlet extraction with methanol (0.238 mg/g) yielded lower flavonoid contents. The exposures upto 50 μg/ml of extracts revealed no significant inhibition on the proliferation of both tested cancer cells and healthy VERO cells. |
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| Keywords: | Subcritical water extraction Microwave-assisted extraction Flavonoids Cytotoxic activity |
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