Highly porous carbon spheres for electrochemical capacitors and capacitive flowable suspension electrodes |
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| Affiliation: | 1. State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China;2. A.J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;3. Electrochemical Energy Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;1. Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Research Institute for Green Energy Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, 900 Gajwa-dong, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, 900 Gajwa-dong, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea;1. School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seoburo, Jangan-gu, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada;3. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Materials Research Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;4. A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;5. SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seoburo, Jangan-gu, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea;6. SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University 2066, Seoburo, Jangan-gu, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea;1. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, 1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, China;2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA;3. School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China;4. Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, 1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, China |
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| Abstract: | In flowable and conventional electrochemical capacitors, the energy capacity is largely determined by the electrode material. Spherical active material, with high specific surface area (SSA) represents a promising material candidate for film and flow capacitors. In this study, we synthesized highly porous carbon spheres (CSs) of submicrometer size to investigate their performance in film and suspension electrodes. In particular, we studied the effects of carbonization and activation temperatures on the electrochemical performance of the CSs. The CSs activated at optimum conditions demonstrated narrow pore size distribution (<3 nm) with high SSA (2900 m2/g) and high pore volume (1.3 cc/g), which represent significant improvement as compared to similar materials reported in literature. Electrochemical tests of CSs in 1 M H2SO4 solution showed a specific capacitance of 154 F/g for suspension electrode and 168 F/g for film electrode with excellent rate performance (capacitive behaviors up to 100 mV/s) and cycling performance (95% of initial capacitance after 5000 cycles). Moreover, in the film electrode configuration, CSs exhibited high rate performance (78 F/g at 1000 mV/s) and volumetric power density (9000 W/L) in organic electrolytes, along with high energy density (21.4 Wh/L) in ionic liquids. |
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