Carbonaceous materials from seed hulls for bleaching of vegetable oils |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Fats and Oils Department, National Research Centre, El-Tahrir St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt;2. Physical Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, El-Tahrir St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt;1. Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan;2. Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8, Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan;3. Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648, Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan;4. Faculty of Regional Environment Science, 1-1-1, Sakuraoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan;5. Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan;1. State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People’s Republic of China;2. Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;1. Institute for Nanoscale Technology, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia;2. School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia;1. Chemical Engineering Department, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, P.O. Box 179, Ardabil, Iran;2. Chemistry Department, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, P.O. Box 179, Ardabil, Iran |
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| Abstract: | Seed hulls, namely cottonseed, peanut, sunflower, soybean, faba bean and lupine were evaluated as carbonaceous materials for the bleaching of crude soybean oil. The six seed hulls were activated by carbonization, steam activation and acid activation. Two reference standards, Fullers earth and Tonsil clay, were used for comparison throughout the whole study. Bleaching of crude soybean oil under vacuum at 100 °C using the treated hulls was carried out. The effect of bleaching with the different hulls on the oil characteristics was evaluated by determining the % free fatty acid, % reduction in peroxide value, % removal of phospholipids, % bleachability and oxidative stability of the bleached oils. Results revealed that bleaching with carbonized hull yielded oils with least free fatty acid content and highest oxidative stability. Bleaching with acid activated hull carbons gave oils with least content of peroxides, phospholipids together with best color. Acid activation of the hulls resulted in highest increase in surface area, pore volume and least pore dimension. |
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