The influence of concentration on the formation of BaTiO3 by direct reaction of TiCl4 with Ba(OH)2 in aqueous solution |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Institute for Energetics and Interphases (IENI-CNR), National Research Council, via De Marini 6, I-16149 Genoa, Italy;2. Department of Process and Chemical Engineering, University of Genoa, Fiera del Mare, Pad. D, I-16129 Genoa, Italy;3. Department of Materials Science, Powder Technology Laboratory, Swiss Federale Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;1. Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu str. 19, Kaunas LT-50254, Lithuania;2. Department of Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Panevezys Faculty, Daukanto 12, 35212 Panevezys, Lithuania;3. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, B336 Iacocca Hall, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA;1. Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute for Energy and Climate Research (IEK-6), 52428 Jülich, Germany;2. Department of Chemistry, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha NE 68178, USA;3. Department of Chemistry, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia;4. Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany;5. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 102 Varsity Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA;6. Institut für Kristallographie, RWTH Aachen University, 52066 Aachen, Germany;1. Department of Physics, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur 302017, India;2. Materials Research Centre, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur 302017, India;1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, PR China;2. Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF) and Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region;3. Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;4. State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China;1. State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China;2. Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan;3. Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439, United States |
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| Abstract: | The formation of fine BaTiO3 particles by reaction between liquid TiCl4 and Ba(OH)2 in aqueous solution at 85 °C and pH?13 has been studied for 0.062?Ba2+]?0.51 mol l?1. The concentration of Ba2+ ions has a strong influence on reaction kinetics, particle size and crystallite size. When Ba2+]>≈0.12 mol l?1, the precipitate consists of nanosized (≈30 nm) to submicron (100–300 nm) particles of crystalline BaTiO3. At lower concentrations, the final product is a mixture of crystalline BaTiO3 and a Ti-rich amorphous phase even for very long reaction times. A two-steps precipitation mechanism is proposed. Initially, a Ti-rich amorphous precipitate is rapidly produced. Reaction between the amorphous phase and the Ba2+ ions left in solution then leads to crystallisation of BaTiO3. In addition to nucleation and growth of nanocrystals, the final size and morphology of BaTiO3 particles obtained at low concentration can be determined by aggregation of nanocrystals and heterogeneous nucleation on existing crystal surfaces. |
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