The impact of surface science on the commercialization of chemical processes |
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Authors: | Gabor A Somorjai Jeong Y Park |
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Affiliation: | (1) Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA;(2) Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA |
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Abstract: | Surface science developed instruments for atomic- and molecular-scale studies of catalyst surfaces, their composition and
structure, both in a vacuum and at high pressures, under reaction conditions (bridging the pressure gap). Surfaces ranging
from single crystals, nanoparticles and thin films to porous high surface area catalytic materials have been studied. Classes
of surface structure sensitive and insensitive reactions have been identified by surface science studies, including ammonia
synthesis, hydrodesulfurization, reforming, combustion and hydrogenation. Rates of reactions often vary by orders of magnitude
between using the right and the wrong surface structures. The roles of many promoters that modify the catalyst surface structures
and bonding of adsorbates have been verified. Surface reaction intermediates could be identified and the mobility of adsorbates
and the adsorbate induced reconstruction of the catalysts attest to the dynamic nature of the catalytic systems during the
reaction turnover. The important active sites for catalysis include the low coordination surface step, kink, oxygen and chloride
ion vacancies sites and sites at oxide-metal interfaces. Uncovering the molecular ingredients of heterogeneous catalysts will
have a major impact on the understanding of reaction selectivity to help the evolution of green chemistry and selective reaction
of many types. |
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Keywords: | surface science in catalysis surface catalysis in chemical processes |
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