Supercritical extraction of carob kibbles (Ceratonia siliqua L.) |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, IBB, DEQB, IST, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;2. Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia – Unidade de Bioenergia (LNEG-UB), Edificio K2, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, 22, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal;1. Akdeniz University, Department of Food Engineering, 07058 Antalya, Turkey;2. Eğirdir Fruit Growing Research Station, 32500 Isparta, Turkey;3. Akdeniz University, Department of Horticulture, 07058 Antalya, Turkey;1. Agricultural Technological Institute of Castilla y León (ITACYL), Government of Castilla and León, Finca Zamadueñas, 47071 Valladolid, Spain;2. Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain;1. Laboratoire de Biochimie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, 06000 Bejaia, Algérie;2. University of Lorraine, LERMAB, Laboratory of Studies and Research on Wood Material, Campus Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandoeuvre, France;1. Ecologie et Gestion des Ecosystèmes Naturels, Université de Tlemcen, 13000, Tlemcen, Algeria;2. Gestion durable des ressources naturelles des zones arides et semi-arides, Centre Universitaire de Naâma SALHI Ahmed, 45000, Naâma, Algeria;3. Avignon University, INRA, UMR 408, Green Extraction Team, 84000, Avignon, France;1. Unidade de Bioenergia, Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, I.P. (LNEG), Ed. K2, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar 22, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal;2. REQUIMTE/CQFB, Department of Chemistry, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, P-2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;3. Laboratory of Separation Technology, LUT Chemtech, Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, Lappeenranta, FIN-53851, Finland |
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| Abstract: | Carob pulp kibbles, a by-product of carob been gum production, was studied as a source of bioactive agents. Firstly, the carob kibbles were submitted to an aqueous extraction to extract sugars, and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was applied to the solid residue of that aqueous extraction, by using compressed carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) as the solvent and a mixture of ethanol and water (80:20, v/v) as a co-solvent. Pressure and temperature were studied in the ranges 15–22 MPa, and 40–70 °C. Particle diameter, and co-solvent percentage in ranges of 0.27–1.07 mm, and 0–12.4%, respectively, were also studied, as well as the flow rate of SC-CO2 between 0.28 and 0.85 kg h−1, corresponding, respectively, to 0.0062 and 0.0210 cm s−1 of superficial velocity. The extracts were characterised in terms of antioxidant capacity by DPPH method, and total phenolics content by the Folin–Ciocalteu method. The central composite non-factorial design was used to optimise the extraction conditions, using the Statistica, version 6 software (Statsoft). The best results, in terms of yield and antioxidant capacity, were found at 22 MPa, 40 °C, 0.27 mm particle size, about 12.4% of co-solvent and a flow rate of 0.29 kg h−1 of SC-CO2. The phenolics profile of the extracts obtained at these conditions was qualitatively evaluated by HPLC-DAD. The solid residue of the supercritical extraction was also studied showing to be a dietary fiber, which can be compared to Caromax™, a carob fiber commercialised by Nutrinova Inc. |
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