Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) and Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPAn-6) Algal Oils Reduce Inflammatory Mediators in Human Peripheral Mononuclear Cells In Vitro and Paw Edema In Vivo |
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Authors: | Julie M Nauroth Ying Chun Liu Mary Van Elswyk Rebecca Bell Eileen Bailey Hall Gloria Chung Linda M Arterburn |
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Affiliation: | (1) Martek Biosciences Corporation, 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD 21045, USA;(2) Alba Therapeutics Corporation, 800 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA |
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Abstract: | The anti-inflammatory activity associated with fish oil has been ascribed to the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA),
predominantly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Here we examined the anti-inflammatory effects of
two DHA-rich algal oils, which contain little EPA, and determined the contribution of the constituent fatty acids, particularly
DHA and docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn-6). In vitro, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and Tumor
Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) secretion in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was inhibited with apparent relative
potencies of DPAn-6 (most potent) > DHA > EPA. In addition, DPAn-6 decreased intracellular levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)
and was a potent inhibitor of pro-inflammatory prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. DHA/DPAn-6-rich DHA-S™ (DHA-S) algal oil
was more effective at reducing edema in rats than DHA-rich DHA-T™ (DHA-T), suggesting that DPAn-6 has anti-inflammatory properties.
Further in vivo analyses demonstrated that feeding DPAn-6 alone, provided as an ethyl ester, reduced paw edema to an extent
approaching that of indomethacin and enhanced the anti-inflammatory activity of DHA when given in combination. Together, these
results demonstrate that DPAn-6 has anti-inflammatory activity and enhances the effect of DHA in vitro and in vivo. Thus,
DHA-S algal oil may have potential for use in anti-inflammatory applications. |
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